Foundations
The Language of Occupation:
· What are occupations?
o Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life
· What is occupational performance?
o The act of completing these meaningful activities by a person, group or population
· What are performance skills?
o Goal directed actions that contribute to occupational performance
· What are the three different types of skills?
o Motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills
· What is functional anatomy?
o The underlying body structures that contribute to movements involved in daily function
· What is functional mobility?
o Moving from one position or place to another
· What is purposeful movement?
o The nature of movement involved in occupational performances
· What are performance patterns?
o The habits, routines, roles and rituals that create the rhythms and expectations of daily life
Musculoskeletal Terms:
· What is the origin of a muscle?
o The attachment that moves the least
· What is the insertion of a muscle?
o The attachment that is more movable
· What is palpation?
o The use of physical touch on the body
· What is surface anatomy?
o The features of anatomy that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin
· What is a bony landmark?
o A specific component of a bone that protrudes beneath the skin
Axes and Planes of Motion:
· What are the three planes of motion?
o Sagittal (left and right), frontal (font and back), transverse (top and bottom)
· What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
o Mostly flexion and extension
· What movements occur in the frontal plane?
o Abduction and adduction
· What movements occur in the transverse plane?
o Rotatory motions
· What are the three axes of motion?
o Frontal,, sagittal, and vertical
· How is the frontal axis positioned?
o Medial to lateral
· How is the sagittal axis positioned?
o Anterior to posterior
· How is the vertical axis positioned?
o Inferior to superior
Kinetic Chains:
· What are kinetic chains?
o The cooperative, interdependent movement of the segments and joints of the body
· What is a closed chain movement? What are examples?
o The proximal joints moving in relation to a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment
o Push ups, squatting, getting up off the ground, pushing a grocery cart
o Distal points have to be fixed on an object but does not have to be a fixed object, cannot allow the chain of movement to move freely
· What is an open chain movement? What are examples?
o Involve free movement of the distal body segment in space, allowing joints to move together of independently of the others
o Reaching in the cabinet, stirring a pot, buttoning a shirt, conducting an orchestra
Force:
· What is force?
o Any push or pull of matter
· What are the two types of force?
o Tensile (pulling) and compressive (pushing)
· What are the two types of force in human movements?
o Resistive force and exerted force
· What is effort?
o The force generated by muscles
· What is a moment/torque?
o The turning effect of force (the ability to rotate an object around an axis)
· What is meant by the action of a certain muscle?
o The specific motion that a muscle can generate at a particular joint
· What is the moment arm?
o A mathematical concept indicating the perpendicular distance from an axis to the force acting upon it
· What is mechanical advantage?
o The leverage a muscle has over a joint
Levers in the body:
· What are levers in the body? What do they do?
o Pulley systems in the body
o Provide mechanical advantage and generate functional motion
· What is a first-class lever? What is an example?
o Exerted force and resistive force are on opposite side of an axis
o Neck flexion or extension
· What is second class lever? What is an example?
o The resistive force is closer to the axis than the exerted force
o Calf raises or using a wheelbarrow
· What is a third-class lever? What is an example?
o The exerted force is closer to the axis than the resistive force
o Using a shovel
Stress and Strain:
· What is elasticity?
o The ability to stretch and return to the original shape after tensile force is removed
· What is stress?
o The amount of applied force per area
· What is strain?
o The amount of material displacement under a specific amount of stress
· What is Young’s Modulus?
o A diagram to demonstrate the stiffness of a particular material
· What is elastic deformation?
o IDK
· What is load to failure?
o The permanent rupture or deformation
· What is the yield point?
o The maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure
Bone:
· What are the two main components of bone?
o Collagen and calcium mineral base (hydroxyapatite)
· Which bone type has a higher mineral content?
o Cortical bone
· Which bone type has a higher concentration of collagen?
o Cancellous (spongy) bone
· Where is cortical bone found?
o The shaft of long bones like the humerus and femur
· Where is cancellous bone found?
o The marrow cavity and at the ends of the long bones, like the femoral head
· What is articular (hyaline) cartilage? What does it do?
o Cartilage that covers the articulating ends of long bones
o Supplies a cushion to absorb repetitive compressive forces between bones
· What is osteoarthritis?
o a musculoskeletal pathology that involves the degeneration of cartilage within a joint
Ligaments and Tendons:
· What do ligaments connect?
o Bone to bone
· What do tendons connect?
o Muscle to bone
· What is a joint capsule? What does it do?
o A dense fibrous sleeve around a synovial joint
o Gives the joint a degree of passive stability and a sealed compartment that contains lubricating synovial fluid
· What is aponeurosis?
o A broad fibrous insertion that often connects adjacent muscles
Types of Muscles:
· What are three types of muscles?
o Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
· What do the skeletal muscles do?
o Move the bones of the skeleton, supplying force for purposeful movement
· What do skeletal muscles look like?
o Appear striated, with alternating bands of fibers
· What does cardiac muscle do?
o Forms the muscular components of the heart
· What does cardiac muscle look like?
o Striated and organized into segments (sarcomeres)
· How are cardiac muscles different from skeletal muscles?
o Cardiac muscles are shorter and only contain one nucleus
· What do smooth muscles do?
o Line the internal organs
· What does smooth muscle look like?
o Non striated and lacking cross stripes
· What is unique about smooth muscles?
o They are involuntary
Skeletal Muscle Histology:
· What is histology?
o The microscopic study of bone tissue, including its chemical composition and design
· What is the endomysium?
o The connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber
· What does the endomysium contain?
o Capillaries and nerve fibers that innervate and supply individual muscle fibers
· What are groups of muscle fibers called?
o Fascicles
· What is the perimysium?
o The connective tissue sleeve that surrounds groups of muscle fibers
· What is the epimysium?
o The layer of connective tissue that surrounds groups of fascicles
· What do the perimysium and the epimysium provide for muscles?
o Muscle extensibility, or the ability to be stretched
· What are myofibrils?
o Long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins
· What are sarcomeres? What are they to muscles?
o Divided segments of myofibrils
o They are the contractile units
· What does myosin compose?
o Thick filaments
· What does actin compose?
o Thin filaments
Muscle Design and Strength:
· What is the physiological cross-sectional area?
o The area of a cross section of muscle at its widest point
· What are pennate muscles?
o Muscles in which the fibers are oriented obliquely (slanted) to the tendon
· What are examples of multipennate muscles?
o Deltoid, infraspinatus
· What are bipennate muscles? Examples?
o Two sets of muscles on either side of the tendon
o Lumbricals, rectus femoris
· What are unipennate muscles? Examples?
o One side of the tendon has slanted muscles
o Semimembranosus, tibialis posterior
· What are fusiform muscles? What’s an example?
o Muscles that have fibers arranged parallel to the line of force
o Sternocleidomastoid
· What are sphincter muscles? Examples?
o Muscles fibers configured in a circle around a structure
o Orbicularis Oculi and Orbicularis Oris
· When are muscles strongest?
o In the midrange position where the filaments have the greatest cross linking
Neuromuscular control:
· What contributes to resting muscle tone?
o Low grade motor signals and tension from fascia
· What are fascia tissues?
o The non-contractile (passive) tissues within the muscle
· What is a flaccid muscle? What are its characteristics?
o A muscle that has no innervation
o Feels like a mess of dough with no elasticity when palpated
· What is hypertonia? What causes it?
o Increased muscle tone
o Unregulated contractile signals coming from the CNS
Muscle Regulation:
· What are muscle spindles? And what do they do?
o Elongated encapsulated structures located within muscle fibers
o They signal changes in muscle length, informing the brain as to the rate and amount of strain which allows the brain to react to counter the resistance and protect the muscles
· What is a phasic stretch reflex? What example stimulates this reflex?
o A reflex that activates the agonist muscle to contract if the muscle is overstretched
o Example: The hammer on the knee response
· What are golgi tendon organs?
o Slender encapsulated structures located at the junction of muscle and tendon
Twitch Fibers:
· What are slow twitch fibers?
o Also known as type 1 fibers, they are capable of low force sustained over a long period of time and are more resistant to fatigue
· What are fast twitch fibers?
o Also known as type 2 fibers, they are capable of generating powerful contractions for intense focused movements but fatigue more quickly
Muscles and Movement:
· What is motor memory?
o The concept that the brain generates learned patterns of motion to send motor signals to the body
· What are the four types of roles a muscle can act as? What are examples?
o Prime mover (agonist): generates the most force to produce the motion
§ Example: the brachialis during elbow flexion
o Antagonists: the muscles that would normally act to produce the contrary movement (need to relax)
§ Example: the triceps brachii during elbow flexion
o Fixators: stability of the origin of a contraction
§ Example: Deltoid during elbow flexion
o Synergists: assist the prime mover
§ Example: the bicep brachii during continued resistance of elbow flexion
· What is a force couple? What is an example?
o Muscles working together, though acting in different directions, to produce the same movement
§ Example: scapular upward motion, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius
Types of Muscle Contractions:
· What are the 3 types of muscle contractions? What are examples?
o Isometric: no change in length and no joint motion
§ Example: Holding a phone steady or holding a box
o Concentric: shortening of muscles
§ Example: raising a mug or dumbbell
o Eccentric: lengthening of the muscles
§ Example: lowering a mug or dumbbell
· What type of contractions are concentric and eccentric?
o Isotonic contractions, which involves the muscle changing length due to contraction
Load Rate:
· What is load rate?
o Load rate describes how quickly force is applied to tissue
· What is passive insufficiency? What is an example?
o The inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through its full range of motion
o Example: touch your toes with knees extended
· What is active insufficiency? What is an example?
o The inability of a muscle to contract any further due to adjacent muscles having reach their maximum shortness
o Example:
Joints- Design and Function:
· What is a joint, or articulation?
o The connection between two bones
· What makes synovial joints different from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
o Synovial joints are mobile and allow purposeful movement
· Give an example of a synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joint:
o Synovial:
o Fibrous: the sutures of the skull
o Cartilaginous: pubic symphysis of the pelvis
· What is the difference between a close-pack position and an open-pack position?
o A close-pack position is the specific position of a joint in which there is maximal contact between articular surfaces and maximal tension on the surrounding ligaments
o An open-pack position describes the position of least surface contact and laxity of the surrounding ligaments enhancing the mobility of the joint
· What are degrees of freedom regarding joint movement?
o Degrees of freedom refers to the number of axes around which a joint moves
· What are the six different types of synovial joints? Give an example of each
o Ball and socket joint: glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
o Ellipsoid joint: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
o Hinge joint: humeroulnar (elbow) joint
o Saddle joint: carpometacarpal (thumb) joint
o Glide joint: carpal bones with motion of the wrist
o Pivot joint: atlantoaxial joint (first and second cervical vertebrae)
· Describe the characteristics of each type of joint:
o Ball and socket joint: a spherical surface of one bone fits into the concave depression of another bone
o Ellipsoid joint: oval shaped convex end of bone articulating with the elliptical concave basin of another bone
o Hinge joint: permits only flexion and extension around a single axis, like a door
o Saddle joint: modified ellipsoid joint composed of a convex and concave surface articulating with each other like two saddles
o Gliding joint: typically found between two flat surfaces of adjacent bones that exhibit translation
o Pivot joint: features a single axis with one bone rotating around another
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics:
· What is Osteokinematics?
o The gross movement of bones in relation to one another and is usually visible externally
· What is arthrokinematics?
o The internal joint patterns of movement
· What are the movement patterns for arthrokinemtics?
o Compression: joint surfaces come together
§ Example:
o Distraction: joint surfaces pull away from each other
§ Example:
o Gliding: joint surfaces move parallel to one another
§ Example:
o Spinning: joints exhibit axial rotation
§ Example:
· What is the convex-concave rule?
o This rule suggests that if a convex surface articulates with a proximal concave surface, then the distal bone glides in the opposite direction of the rotational motion
§ Example: think of your shoulder joint, the humerus goes up, and the head of the humerus (convex surface) rotates downward