Urban Futures Flashcards

what is a city

a large permanent human settlement which has at least 300000 people or in England a cathedral

why did cities first develop

farming became more efficient meaning farmers were able to produce a surplus of food meaning not everyone had to be a gamer anymore so people moved to urban areas to do other jobs causing the growth of urban areas which is urbanisation. also the Industrial Revolution in 1750-1850 created lots of job opportunities meaning lots of people migrated to cities

where are urban growth rates faster in EDCs and LIDCs

there are lots of jobs in the secondary sector in urban areas which pay better and they are more stable than rural areas so lots of young people move to urban areas for this and then have kids which increases birth rate over death rate causing a natural increase

why are urban growth rates slower in ACs

most of the growth in Acs such as the UK took place during the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 where lots of people lost their jobs due to mechanisation and moved to urban areas to get jobs there so because there are already most people in cities in Acs growth is limited. also London has the green belt around it which limits growth

what is a megacity

a city with a population of over 10 million people

what are advantages of megacities

wide variety of jobs which are well paid and better education and healthcare available

disadvantages of megacities

overcrowding and not enough space for people to live and lots more gangs and crimes and disease such as cholera spread more easily and some people have to build their own homes but without sewage system so have less sanitation and more disease

why are megacities important

they can use economies of scale for example cities can buy raw materials for roads at a cheaper per unit price if they are a megacity because they buy more and same applies for food

what is a world city

a city which has influence across the world and is considered to be an important hub in the global economic system. it has iconic status and buildings

what is the distribution of world cities

most locates in Acs and EDCs with many on the coast and Europe has the most

what are characteristics of a named world city

London has headquarters of multinational companies such as Barclays Bank HSBC and BP and is a centre of business innovation such as the east London tech city silicon roundabout and has financial services such as being home of the London stock exchange and has highly rated universities such as LSE specialising in banking and finance and imperial university which is good for engineering and has cultural opportunities such as the royal opera house in covent garden

how has the distribution of megacities changed

the number of megacities has grown exponentially since 1950s from 2 to 26 in 2014. in the past they were only found in ACS however by 2014 18 which is the majority were found in EDCs such as china which has 4

what causes rapid urbanisation in ulaanbaatar in Mongolia LIDC

about half of monolias population are farmers however Mongolia experiences a natural disaster called a dzud which is a summer drought followed by heavy winter snowfall and in 2010 this lead to 10 million animals dying so the farmers are forced to move to the city to get jobs in mining. also half Mongolias citizens are under 25 so lots of them have kids which increases the birth rate above the death rate leading to a natural increase so the population in ulaanbaatar grows meaning there are more people living in urban areas which is urbanisation

what is a push factor for urbanisation

a negative factor which results in the movement of people away from rural areas such as poverty and natural disastersw

what is a pull factor for urbanisation

a positive factor which results in the movement of people to urban areas such as more jobs better healthcare and education and bright lights and safety

what is Lagos

a port on the coast of Nigeria and is Africa’s largest city with a population of 21 million

why has Lagos run out of room

because it has sea around it which limits how much it can grow but lots of people want to live there in the centre of the city

what is the biggest threat to people living in makoko (a slum area in the west of Lagos lagoon)

diseases because there are 250,000 people living close together and there is a poor level of sanitation meaning diseases such as typhoid and yellow fever are more easily spread. increased numbers of people with these diseases has led to poor health so life expectancy there being below 50 which is very low so a problem and a social consequence

what is the urbanisation cycle

urbanisation when towns and cities grow then suburbanisation when people move to the edges of cities then counter urbanisation when people move to rural areas in the countryside then re urbanisation when people move back and towns and cities grow again

where does the cycle of urbanisation begin

urbanisation because the cities have to exist and grow for the rest to happen

what are the causes of suburbanisation

improvements in transport such as trains tubes and buses have enabled people to move out of the city but still be well connected to it

what are the positive consequences of suburbanisation

people get more green space than they did in cities and also less congestion and pollution so better air quality and environment so people believe quality of life is better there than in the city. the land is cheaper than in the city when buying property and it is safer for elderly people or families

what are the negative consequences of suburbanisation

workers face longer commutes to work which is expensive. the city getting bigger means overall there are more vehicles on roads so more congestion overall and worse air quality and deforestation and destruction of green spaces in suburbs to make room for more houses. also fewer people living in inner city so shops and restaurants may close leading to lower standards of living and poverty

what are the causes of counter urbanisation

people such as the elderly looking for a more peaceful place to live and families with younger children looking for a better environment

what are the positive consequences of counter urbanisation

lower crime rates making it safer for families and more green space so better environment for children to play outside safely and improvements to local services due to more people using them

what are the negative consequences of counter urbanisation

gentrification so increase in demand for houses there which causes prices to rise leading to local people already living there being forced to pay more or move out

what are the causes of re urbanisation

people who are young and rich DINKYs looking for an area where house prices are affordable and can potentially rise

positive consequences of re urbanisation

DINKY people have more disposable income so if they move to urban areas there will be more people in bars etc which generates more money for the local economy through the multiplier effect

negative consequences of re urbanisation

leads to house prices in the area going up so people who already lived or rented there have to move out due to a lack of affordable housing. more traffic congestion and worse air quality

what is a green belt

an area around several major urban areas given protection to prevent urban sprawl due to suburbanisation

describe the location of London

in the south east of the UK and is well connected with lots of motorways e.g. the m25 going around London and the m11 going between London and Cambridge. it has 3 major airports Gatwick Stanstead and Heathrow which connect it to other countries

how does London’s location help its development

it has the river thames running through it which is close to Europe allowing it to trade with other countries more easily and import and export goods

how did London develop

in the victorian period 1840-1900 London grew for 2,000000 to 6,500000 due to the development of the London Underground which allowed people to move to the edges of cities (suburbanisation)

how important is London within its region

it has a major influence on surrounding areas as companies are attracted there by the proximity to London which increases jobs and wealth so the south east and east of England have the two biggest regional economies in the uk outside London

how important is London within the country

it is an essential part of the UK’s economy as over 20% of the UK’s capital comes from London and it is the centre of the UK’s transport system with road rail air and shipping links

how important is London within the wider world

it is a world city due to having lots of buildings which are globally recognised even by people who have never been to London e.g. London eye and lots of cultural opportunities e.g. o2. it is also one of the two most important financial centres in the world with New York and has more foreign banks than anywhere else

how big is london

by far the UKs biggest city with a population of 8.8 million people and grows by 100,000 per year

what is migration

the movement of people from one place to another

what is the different between an immigrant and an emigrant

an immigrant comes into a country or place within a country to live permanently whereas an emigrant leaves a country to live in another

what is the difference between domestic and international migrant

domestic moves to live somewhere else in their own country whereas international moves to a different country to live permanently

how has London’s population changed over time

since 1998 net migration has been stable so the number of people moving in has not been higher than the number of people moving out. however due to the numbers of young immigrants having children the birth rate has been higher than the death rate in the last decade causing a natural increase

how has immigration affected the workforce in London

just over 60% of London’s workforce were born in the UK but 13% were born in the EU and 25% elsewhere in the world. also the economic value generated by London’s 1.8 million migrant workers is 22% of the total gross value added per year and this additional GVA generated by 10 migrant workers will support 4 jobs in the wider UK economy

how has international migration made London a more ethnically diverse city

in the 1950s there was a wave of Irish migrants due to more job opportunities in London and no restrictions leading to more Kilburn and Irish pubs and very big St Patrick’s day celebrations. in 2004 the extension of the EU lead to more polish migrants coming to live and work in the UK so more Catholic Churches and catholic people in mass because the polish are catholic and more polish supermarkets and delis

how has Chinese immigration since the 1950s changed London

formation of chinatown to the north of Leicester Square in the west end which has restaurants such as the four seasons selling roast duck and the golden dragon selling dim sum and supermarkets such as new loon moon selling authentic Chinese ingredients

how has immigration from the Caribbean since the 1950s changed London

annual Notting Hill carnival which is Europes’s biggest street festival and made reggae music more understood and mainstream

what is housing like in London

most expensive in central London north of the thames for example there are many large Georgian houses in kensington which are over £1 million however housing is least expensive in east London such as Bexley where housing can be around only £200 thousand. average rents in London are double UK average and the least affordable in the world

what are ways of life in London

leisure (waffle about concert places and tourist attractions) and consumption (waffle about shopping places and pubs and bars in soho and Shoreditch) and culture and ethnicity (talk about Notting Hill carnival Chinese new year and 37% of Londons population were born outside the UK)

what is transport provision like in London

central London has the best access to public transport such as city which has access to lots of rail and bus services. the outskirts of London has the worst access to public transport such as the south of bromley which has areas with little access to just bus services or none. however about 1 million passengers arrive by train each day

what is access to services like in london

healthcare is free on the NHS but waiting times have increased. areas in the west of London have better state schools than in the east for example in barnet gcse scores were greater than 340 on average whereas haringey had scores less than 325 on average. best state schools are oversubscribed so wealthy parents send their children to private ones

what is the pattern of deprivation like in london

uneven across London as there is more deprivation in inner London than outer London and east London is more deprived than west London and the most deprived areas are Hackney haringey tower hamlets and newham. London is home to the richest and poorest people for example the average income in Kensington is £130 thousand and average income in new ham is £38 thousand

what is one initiative to make London more sustainable

BedZED near Sutton which is a carbon neutral eco community in London with 100 homes

how has BedZED been sustainable through energy conservation

reduced demand for heating by 90% with 30cm of insulation in walls and double glazed windows to keep house warm and this reduced carbon emissions by 56%.

how has BedZED been sustainable through waste recycling

have green roofs which collect rainwater and use it for flushing toilets instead of portable water which reduces amount of water piped to houses reducing water stress as they use 58% less water than average British home

where is rosario

in the north east of Argentine to the north west of Buenos Aires and on the parana river

how did rosario develop

firstly in the late 19th century when the city became the first in Argentina to export goods due to its location on the parana river which links to the Atlantic Ocean making it easy to export goods internationally. for example it exports good like corned beef due to a large complex run by swift there that makes it and this drew in migrant workers for manufacturing jobs. however around the year 2000 the city went into decline as many of the chemical and steel plants there closed when manufacturing jobs moved away leading to high unemployment

how important is rosario within it's region

largest city in the region of Santa Fe with a population of 1 million people and has many major roads such as national route 9 and an international airpot Islas Malvinas and lies on the parana river

how important is rosario within the country

third largest city in Argentina and was the first to export goods abroad in late 1800s but declined around 2000 when chemical and steel plants closed

how important is rosario in the world

trades agricultural goods internationally due to location on parana river connecting to the Atlantic Ocean so it exports corned beef soybeans vegetable oil and more around the world

what is international migration like in rosario

italian migration has had the biggest influence on rosario as now 62.5% of Argentine population has some italian descent and have influenced the food and architecture and Lionel Messi was the most famous person to be born there. also mafia activity was brought to city when Italians arrived

what has led to national migration to rosario

it has a youthful population due to having the national university of rosario which specialises in law so young people move there. also people move there from across Argentina as it has a temperate climate compared to other cities

what is it like to live in rosario

culture and ethnicity (the national flag monument where the Argentinian flag was first raised and French renaissance architecture) leisure (the river parana has sandy beaches and lots of salsa and tango clubs for dancing and lots of night clubs for youthful population due to the university) and consumption (restaurants where beef is cooked on an asado which is a type of grill)

what are 2 pull factors in LIDCs of urbanisation

more job opportunities and better education and healthcare

what are the environmental consequences of rapid urban growth in LIDCs

more vehicles on road emitting greenhouse gases so more air pollution and sewage systems cannot cope with increased number of people so sewage and toxic chemicals can get into rivers and harm wildlife

how has italian migration into rosario since the 1800s impacter its character in a good way (religion, architecture and consumption)

more catholics leading to the cathedral basilica of our lady of the rosary and pope Francis is a famous italian Argentine leading to more national catholic pride and more French renaissance architecture such as the the rosario stock exchange building built in 1929 and 62.5% of population in rosario have italian descent so 40 italian restaurants

how did italian migration into rosario since 1800s impact its character in a bad way

however they brought the mafia so homicide rates are 5x rest of Argentina and there were over 570 deaths between 2011-14

how has migration impacted population growth and economic growth in rosario

by 1887 there were 50000 immigrants 40% of migrants were European and by 1926 47% of overall inhabitants were foreign and 77000 students at the national university of rosario due to national migration so overall population growth and economic growth as more jobs and people working and spending there

how d the key challenges rosario faces link

social inequality forces people to turn to crime because they cannot find any other way to get enough money to live on

what are the social inequality challenges for rosario

over 100,000 people which is 10% of rosario’s population live in slums which are next to railways and main roads such as national route 9 and are due to lack of housing and lots of immigrants and previous high rates of unemployment

what are the challenges rosario faces with crime

slums have high levels of crime and drug use as the main roads such as national route 9 link rosario to cocaine producing Bolivia and marijuana producing Paraguay and violent drug wars lead to homicide rates in rosario being 5x the rest of Argentina and there were over 570 people killed between 2011-14