Unit3.3Language and Social-Emotional Development Concepts

Language

Arrangement of sounds, written symbols, or gestures to communicate ideas.

Language is arbitrary

They rarely sound like the ideas that they convey.

Language structure

Language has a structure that is additive, Ex: Adding words creates sentences, which in turn create paragraphs, and so on.

Language analysis

Language can be analyzed and understood in many ways.

Language productivity

Language is productive, meaning there are an endless number of combinations of words.

Language dynamism

Language is dynamic, meaning it's constantly changing and evolving.

Phonemes

The smallest unit of speech sounds in a given language that are still distinct in sound from one another.

Morphemes

Smallest semantically meaningful parts of language. It can be a prefix, a base word, a root word, or a suffix.

Grammar

Set of rules by which a language is constructed, governed by syntax and semantics.

Syntax

Rules used in the arrangement of morphemes to make a meaningful sentence.

Semantics

Word meaning or word choice.

Prosody

Rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech.

Holophrases

Single words filled with meanings.

Overextension

A child not knowing enough words to express something fully. Ex: Calling all women 'mama.'

Underextension

A language error where a child uses a word in a narrower range than its proper meaning. Ex: A child thinks that their 'mama' is the only 'mama.'

Telegraphic speech

Happens around two years of age and is when infants start combining two or three words. This expression lacks many parts of speech.

Overgeneralization

Errors in which the rules of language are overextended. Ex: 'I goed to the store.'

Social Development

Ability to interact with others and with the social structure in which we live.

Ecological systems theory

A series of nested systems that interact in children's development.

Microsystem

People and groups who have direct contact with this person.

Mesosystem

Relationships between the members of the microsystem.

Exosystem

Indirect factors influencing the child, such as government and or media.

Macrosystem

Cultural events that influence the child and important people in their lives.

Chronosystem

Child's current stage of life.

Authoritarian parenting

High expectations for their children to comply with rules without debate, typically using corporal punishment for disobedience.

Authoritative parenting

Parents expect compliance with rules and encourage independence, setting limits and forgiving.

Permissive parenting

Parents have few expectations and are warm and non-demanding, considering themselves friends of the child.