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Creatine Phosphate
A unique high-energy molecule found only in muscle fibers and not in any other cell type.
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.
Lactic Acid
Product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle
Glycolosis
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid; an anaerobic process.
Muscle Fatigue
Inability of a muscle to contract even though it is still being stimulated.
Oxygen Deficit
The believed cause of muscle fatigue; occurs during prolonged muscle activity.
Isotonic Contractions
“Same tone”; resulting in successful contraction of myofilaments.
Isometric Contractions
Of the same length; contractions in which the muscles to not shorten.
Muscle Tone
Sustained partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch receptor inputs; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to act.
Flaccid
Soft; flabby; relaxed.
Atrophy
Reduction in size or wasting away resulting from disease or lack of use.
Origin
Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
Insertion
Movable attachment of a muscle.
Flexion
Movement that increases the angle between two parts of the body.
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
Movement of a limb toward the body midline.
Circumduction
Movement where the proximal end of a limb is stationary, and its distal end moves in a circle; combination of four other movements.
Dorsiflexion
Upward movement of the foot at the ankle.
Plantar Flexion
Depressing the foot, moving the superior surface away from the shin.
Inversion
Turn the sole of the foot medially.
Eversion
Turn the sole of the foot laterally.
Supination
Movement where forearm rotates laterally; radius and ulna are parallel.
Pronation
Movement where the forearm rotates medially; radius and ulna form an “x.”
Opposition
Movement causing the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers.
Prime Mover
Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist.
Antagonist
Muscle that reverses, or opposes the action of another muscle.
Synergist
Muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or by stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts to prevent undesirable movements.
Fixator
Muscle that immobilizes one or more bones, allowing other muscles to act from a stable base.
Extension
Movement in the sagittal plane, decreases angle of the joint.
