AP World History Exam Review: Units 1-5

Flashcards based on AP World History Lecture Notes (Units 1-5)

Confucianism

Hierarchical philosophical understanding of the world revived during the Song Dynasty. Expansion of the civil service examination led to order, stability, and meritocracy.

Meritocracy

A system in which people secure bureaucratic positions based on merit rather than birth or class.

Imperial Bureaucracy

Appointed officials carrying out the empire's policies.

Chan Buddhism

A Chinese innovation that melded Buddhism with traditional Chinese ideas like Daoism and exemplifies cultural diffusion.

Champa Rice

Introduced from the Champa Kingdom (modern Vietnam), it allowed for multiple harvests per year, increasing food production.

Grand Canal

An internal waterway that acted as a transportation system, enabling China to become a major trading center.

Delhi Sultanate

Located in northern India (or northern South Asia).

Mamluk Sultanate

Located in Egypt.

Daral Islam

Cultural region that expanded significantly through military expansion, merchants, and the Sufi movement.

Jizya

A tax historically levied in Islamic states on non-Muslims.

Shrivijaya Empire

Prospered by taxing ships using sea lanes.

Majapahit Kingdom

Prospered by controlling sea routes.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, a large urban center with monumental ziggurats and marketplaces, housing approximately 200,000 people.

Tribute System

Central to the Aztec state building; a system in which local governors extracted tribute from conquered regions.

Great Zimbabwe Prosperity

Derived from trade, agriculture, and rich gold deposits; participation connected them to East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia.

Swahili

A new language developed from the intermixing of cultures and languages, blending Bantu (indigenous African language) and Arabic.

Feudalism

A social system in which a king granted land to lords (nobility) in exchange for tribute.

Manorial System

The larger organizing political and social order in Europe at the time.

Three-Field System

Crops were rotated through three fields: two fields were planted, and one field was left fallow. This enabled more food to be grown, leading to a population explosion.

Caravan Sarai

Series of inns and guesthouses along the road for merchants to rest and be safe.

Money Economies

Use of paper money instead of heavy silver and gold, started in China.

New Forms of Credit

Banking houses in European states innovated on a Chinese model.

Diaspora

Settlement created by people living apart from their homeland, all congregating together in another part of the world.

Mansa Musa

Powerful and influential ruler in Mali, who further monopolized trade between the north and the interior, increasing Mali's wealth.

Baghdad

City that declined after being sacked by the Mongols in 1258.

The Mongols

Created the largest land-based empire in history, facilitating further interconnection and interaction across Afroeurasia and the entirety of the Silk Road network.

Janissaries

Elite fighting force specializing in gunpowder weapons, comprised of enslaved Christians converted to Islam.

Zamindar

Tax collection system in the Mughal Empire, where elite landowners (zamindars) were granted authority to tax peasants.

Tax Farming

System where the right to tax people was sold to the highest bidder, who could then collect taxes (and a profit) from the population in the Ottoman Empire.

Catholic Reformation

Introduced reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation, reaffirming ancient doctrines of salvation by faith and works.

Sikhism

In South Asia, it emerged as a syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines, creating a new faith distinct from both.

Astrolabe

Borrowed from Greeks and Muslims.

Magnetic Compass

Borrowed from China.

Lateen Sail

Borrowed from the Mediterranean trade network.

Caravel (Portuguese)

A smaller, nimble, fast ship with a combination of square and lateen sails with decent-sized cargo holds, enabling Portuguese trade dominance.

Fluyt (Dutch)

A large trading ship with a massive cargo space, allowing the Dutch VOC (Dutch East India Company) to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

Reasons for State-Sponsored Exploration

System summarized as "Gold, God, and Glory."

Treaty of Tordesillas

Met diplomatic solutions with Spain gaining the Eastern part and Portugal gaining the western part of Brazil.

Encomienda System

A coercive labor system used by the Spanish to force indigenous people to work on plantations.

Hacienda System

A system that replaced the encomienda system but still functioned as a means of coerced labor through low wages and high debts.

Spanish Mita

Villages were forced to send young men to work in dangerous silver mines.

Mercantilism

Economic system that viewed the world's wealth as a finite "pie," measured in terms of gold and silver.

Syncretism

The blending of indigenous religions in the Americas with Catholic Christianity, creating new belief systems.

Spanish Casta

Spaniards born in Spain held the highest position in society.

Natural Rights

Rights are given by the creator, not monarchs.

Social Contract

People have the power to govern themselves, and the government exists by the people's consent.

Nationalism

A people's sense of belonging to each other based on a common language, religion, social customs, state, and territory.

Mercantilism

Western European nations begun to abandon in favor of free market in luenced by Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations".

Bourgeoisie: Those who own the means of production.

Critics of Karl Marx class structure claiming, The working class, would never advance because those who own the means of production pro t from their labor.

Ottoman Empire's Tanzimat Reforms

Aiming to end corruption, resist Western encroachment and industrialize.