chemistry - qualitative analysis

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4 Terms

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What is Qualitative Analysis?

The branch of chemistry concerned with identifying the elements or compounds present in a sample.

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How do you test for common cations?

  1. Ammonium (NH_4^+): Warm with NaOH (ammonia gas produced, turns damp red litmus blue).
  2. Aluminium (Al^{3+}): Add NaOH (white precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH).
  3. Ammonium (NH4^+): Add NH3(aq) (no precipitate).
  4. Calcium (Ca^{2+}): Add NaOH (white precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH).
  5. Copper (Cu^{2+}): Add NaOH (light blue precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH).
  6. Copper (Cu^{2+}): Add NH3(aq) (light blue precipitate, soluble in excess NH3(aq) to give a deep blue solution).
  7. Iron(II) (Fe^{2+}): Add NaOH (green precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH).
  8. Iron(III) (Fe^{3+}): Add NaOH (red-brown precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH).
  9. Lead(II) (Pb^{2+}): Add NaOH (white precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH).
  10. Lead(II) (Pb^{2+}): Add NH3(aq) (white precipitate, insoluble in excess NH3(aq)).
  11. Zinc (Zn^{2+}): Add NaOH (white precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH).
  12. Zinc (Zn^{2+}): Add NH3(aq) (white precipitate, soluble in excess NH3(aq)).
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How do you test for common anions?

  1. Carbonate (CO_3^{2-}): Add dilute acid (effervescence of carbon dioxide, turns limewater cloudy).
  2. Chloride (Cl^-): Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate (white precipitate).
  3. Iodide (I^-): Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate (yellow precipitate).
  4. Nitrate (NO_3^-): Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then aluminium foil; warm carefully (ammonia produced, turns damp red litmus blue).
  5. Sulfate (SO_4^{2-}): Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous barium nitrate (white precipitate).
  6. Sulfite (SO_3^{2-}): Add dilute acid (effervescence of sulfur dioxide, turns acidified potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless).
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How do you test for common gases?

  1. Ammonia (NH_3): Turns damp red litmus paper blue.
  2. Carbon Dioxide (CO_2): Turns limewater (aqueous calcium hydroxide) cloudy.
  3. Chlorine (Cl_2): Bleaches damp blue litmus paper.
  4. Hydrogen (H_2): 'Pops' with a lighted splint.
  5. Oxygen (O_2): Relights a glowing splint.
  6. Sulfur Dioxide (SO_2): Turns acidified potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless.