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state the distribution of upland areas in the uk
north west of the tees-exe line
most commonly found in wales and scotland
not found in coastal areas
state where the largest upland area is in the uk
scotland
state the distribution of lowland areas in the uk
south east of tees-exe line
most commonly found in england
found in coastal areas
state the distribution of glaciated areas in the uk
north west of tees-exe line
mostly found in scotland
describe the geology of upland areas in the uk
older rocks
such as igneous
and metamorphic rock types
state the climate of upland areas in the uk
lower temperatures
high rainfall
windy
describe human activity in upland areas in the uk
cattle farming
tourism
water management
describe the geology of lowland areas in the uk
sedimentary rock
state the climate of lowland areas in the uk
lower temperatures
low rainfall
describe human activity in lowland areas in the uk
arable farming
urban development
describe the geology of glaciated areas in the uk
thin soils
exposed bedrock
state the climate of glaciated areas in the uk
very low temperatures
windy
describe human activity in glaciated areas
forestry
pastoral farming
quarrying
tourism
state the general characteristics of upland areas in the uk
area of elevated land
contains hills and mountains
often over 600m higher than sea level
state the general characteristics of lowland areas in the uk
commonly coastal areas
often under 200m above sea level
landscape is flat and rolling
state the general characteristics of glaciated areas in the uk
areas where glaciers used to be
landscape filled with eroded ridges and peaks
state the definition of mechanical weathering
breaking down of rocks
where they are located
by physical changes
state the definition of chemical weathering
breaking down of rocks
by acid
in water
state the definition of biological weathering
the weakening or breaking down of rocks
by plants, animals or microorganisms
state the definition of sliding
the downhill movement
of large volumes
of rocks, soil and mud
state the definition of slumping
when the saturation of permeable rocks
leads to the movement of material down a concave cliff face
causing the rock to rotate backwards into the cliff face
as it slips down
state the definition of abrasion
when pebbles grind against a non-moving rock surface
creating a sandpaper effect
state the definition of hydraulic action
the sheer power of the water
compressing air into lines of weakness in surfaces
causing an explosive force
state the definition of attrition
when rocks carried by water collide with each other
causing the rocks to become smaller and weaker
state the definition of solution
when water dissolves soluble rock types
state the definition of traction
when large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed
state where traction is most common
near the source of a river
state the definition of saltation
when pebbles are bounced along the river bed
state where saltation is most common
near the source of a river
state the definition of suspension
when lighter sediment is suspended within the water
state where suspension is most common
near the mouth of a river
state the definition of deposition
when a body of water loses energy
causing it to drop any material it has been carrying
state what is needed for the formation of waterfalls
waterfall forms when there are horizontal bands of resistant rock positioned over less-resistant rock
describe the formation of waterfalls
the soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock which creates a step
as erosion continues, the hard rock is undercut forming and overhang
abrasion and hydraulic action erode the rock to create a plunge pool
over time the overhang increases until the hard rock can no longer be supported and collapses due to gravity
this process continues and the waterfall retreats upstream
describe the formation of a gorge
after a waterfall has retreated upstream, it leaves a steep-sided valley
this is a gorge
describe the formation of a v-shaped valley
in the upper course, there is more vertical erosion
due to the steeper relief found in these areas
the river cuts down into the valley
forming a v-shaped valley
describe the formation of a floodplain
floodplains are areas of land flooded with water when rivers burst their banks
erosion of river meanders removes any interlocking spurs
this creates a wide flat area on both sides of the river
during a flood, material being carried by the river is deposited
which increases the height of the floodplain over time
describe the formation of a levee
levees are elevated banks of deposited material at the sides of rivers above the level of the floodplain
levees occur in the lower course due to an increase in volume of water flowing downstream and flooding occurs
sediment that has been eroded upstream is transported downstream
when the river floods, the sediment spreads out across the floodplain
when a flood occurs, the river loses energy
after many floods, the sediment builds up to increase the height of the river banks
this means that the channel size can increase, increasing discharge
describe the formation of a meander
in the middle course of a river, its gains more water and more energy
lateral erosion begins to widen the river
as the river flows over flatter land, it can develop meanders
describe the formation of an ox-bow lake
due to the erosion of the outside of a meander
and the deposition of the inside
the shape of the meander will change over time
erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander
as this process continues, the meander necks moves closer together
when there is a high discharge of water, the river cuts across the neck taking a straighter, shorter route
deposition will occur to cut off the original meander
creating a horse shoe-shaped oxbow lake
describe the formation of a headland
headlands form on a discordant coastline due to the alternating bands of more and less-resistant rock perpendicular to the coastline
differential erosion causes the less-resistant rock to erode quicker than the other rock types
this forms a headland that sticks out of the coastline
describe the formation of a bay
headlands form on a discordant coastline due to the alternating bands of more and less-resistant rock perpendicular to the coastline
differential erosion causes the less-resistant rock to erode quicker than the other rock types
this forms an inlet of the sea where the land curves inwards, usually with a beach
this forms a bay that goes into the coastline
describe the formation of a cave
cracks in the headland are eroded away through hydraulic action and abrasion
causing an opening in the headland which is the cave
describe the formation of an arch
through hydraulic action and abrasion, the cave eventually becomes larger and breaks through the headland
this forms an arch
describe the formation of a stack
as erosion of the sides of the arch increases over time, the base of the arch becomes wider
eventually the roof becomes too heavy for the arch to hold, causing it to collapse into the sea
this leaves a stack
describe the formation of a stump
the stack is undercut at the base due to hydraulic action and abrasion
this causes the stack to collapse to form a stump
describe the formation of a beach
beaches consist of eroded material that has been transported and deposited by the sea
for this to occur, constructive waves with limited energy are needed
describe the formation of a spit
spits occur when there is a change in the direction of a coastline or there is a river mouth
it forms when sediment is carried by longshore drift
and deposited when there is a change in the direction of the coastline
a long, thin ridge of material is deposited, forming a spit
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