Lesson 6: Environment, Technology, and Food-getting

Definition of Adaptive Strategy

A group’s m___ s___ of e___ p___——its w___ or m____ of m____ a l____.

It is also known as s____ s____ or m____ o__ l____.

main system, economic production, way, means, making, living.

subsistence strategy, mode of living.

Definition of Foraging

An e____ and w___ o__ l____ based on h___ and g____.

It is a m___ o__ l____ based on o___ f___ that is a____ in n____ through g____, h____, f____, or s____.

It is a form of s____ that r___ on using a____ and p___ r____ found in the n___ e____.

economy, way of living, hunting, gathering.

mode of living, obtaining food, available, nature, gathering hunting, fishing, scavenging.

subsistence, relies, animal, plant resources, natural environment.

Environments of Foraging Societies

They are mostly found in places of m____, where c____ (f____) was n____ p____ with their s____ t____.

Examples: Dense tropical forests, polar regions (the Arctic), deserts / semi-deserts, temperate regions

• Tropical foragers typically h___ and g____ a wide range of p___ and a___ s____.

• Arctic foragers h____ for l____ a____ and have significantly l___ v____ and d____ v____ compared to tropical foragers.

• Desert foragers h____ for w____ g____ during d____ s____ and g____ w____ p____ during w___ s____.

• Temperate foragers enjoy abundant and varied s___, r___, and l____ s____.

marginality, cultivation (farming), not practicable, simple technology.

hunt, gather, plant, animal species

hunt, large animals, less vegetation, diet variety

hunt, wild games, dry season, gather wild plants, wet season

sea, river, land species

Main Activities of Foragers

• R___ only on n____ to m___ their l____ —> H___ and h____

• D___ n____ p____ or d___ a____ (except for dogs)

• rely, nature, make, living —> harvesting, hunting

• do not plant, domesticate animals

Definition of Division of Labor

It refers to h___ a society d___ v___ t___ depending on f____ such as g____, a____, and p___ a____.

how, divides various tasks, factors, gender, age, physical ability

Division of Labor in Foraging Societies

• Strong g___ d____ only exists in p___ r_____

• Children c___ and c___ food and fuel; older ones also c___ for y___ s____

• Elderly mainly help to c___ for c____.

• gender divisions, polar regions

• collect, carry, care, younger siblings

• care, children

Definition of Private Property

The p____ o____ of something by individuals that can be s___ to someone else.

private ownership, sold

Private Property in Foraging Societies

The concept of private property d___ n___ e___ in foraging societies; they are accustomed to s____ their resources with others rather than hogging them.

Instead, foraging societies practice the system of u___ r____: foragers take turns having t___ p____ and p____ a____ p____ r____ during a____ h___ and g____.

does not exist, sharing

use rights, temporary permission, priority accessing particular resources, active hunting, gathering.

Definition of Food Production

It refers to h___ c____ over the r____ of p___ and a____, including p___ c____ (f____) and a____ d_____ (h____) as they s____ s___ and b____ for d___ t___ in p___ and a____.

Examples of food production strategies in nonindustrial societies: Pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture

human control, reproduction, plants, animals, plant cultivation (farming), animal domestication (herding), systematically select, breed, desirable traits, plants, animals.

Definition of Pastoralism

An e____ and w___ o__ l____ for pastoralists who are h____ of d___ a____.

It is a m___ o__ l____ based on k___ d____ a___ and u___ t____ p____, such as m___ and m___, for m____ of their d____.

It is a f___-g____ s____ based on a____ h____ in places that are generally u____ for a____.

economy, way of life, herders, domesticated animals.

mode of living, keeping domesticated animals, using their products, meat, milk, most, diet.

food-getting strategy, animal husbandry, unsuited, agriculture.

Main Activities of Pastoralist Societies

• Six major species of animals for herding and breeding: s____, g____, c___, h____, d____, and c____ (in deserts)

• Four other species of animals for herding (less common): r____, l____, y____, and d____.

• Pastoral nomadism: The a___ m____ of the e___ p___ g___ with h____.

• Transhumance: A s____ in which only a p____ of the population m___ s____ with h____; m____ people s___ in the home village

• Use a____ for f____ by consuming their m___, b____, and m____ (made into y___, b___, or c____ as a method of preservation / food storage) 🧀

• S____ their diet by h___, g____, f___, c____, or t____

• Use animals as b___ o___ b____ by r___ them or letting them c___ their stuffs while travelling and hunting

• Use animal w___ and h____ to m___ c____ and p___ themselves from h___ e___ c____ (e.g. extreme heat/coldness) ❄️

• sheep, goats, cattle, horses, donkeys, camels

• reindeers, llamas, yaks, dogs

• annual movement, entire pastoral group, herds

• system, part, moves seasonally, herds, most, stay

• animals, food, meat, blood, milk (yoghurt, butter, cheese)

• supplement, hunting, gathering, fishing, cultivating, trading

• beasts of burden, riding, carry

• wool hides, make clothes, protect, harsh environmental conditions

The annual movement of the entire pastoral group with herds is known as …

pastoral nomadism

The system in which only a part of a pastoral population moves seasonally with herds (while most stay in the home village) is known as …

transhumance

Division of Labor in Pastoralist Societies

G___ r___ are c___ d___.

M____ and boys tend to be in charge of h___, especially the animals that have to be p___ f___ a___ from their s____. 🐄

W____ and girls tend to be in charge of p____ the a___ p____ and h___ s___ a____ (because they require less land during grazing). 🐰

gender roles, clearly divided.

Men, herding, pastured far away, settlements.

Women, processing, animal products, herding smaller animals

Private Property in Pastoralist Societies

The concept of private property d___ e___ in pastoralist societies.

They o___, t____, and p___ d____ a____, h____, and d____ g____, commonly though the m___ l____.

does exist

own, trade, pass down animals, housing, domestic goods, male lineage

Definition of Horticulture

N____ p___ c____ with f____, involving n____, p____, s___ c____.

It is a m___ o__ l____ based on g___ d____ c____ in gardens, using s___ h__ t___.

It is the s___-s____ c____ of c____ characterized by the use of s___ t____ and the a____ of i____.

Nonindustrial plant cultivation, fallowing, nonintensive, purposeful, shifting cultivation.

mode of living, growing domesticated crops, simple hand tools.

small-scale cultivation, crops, simple technology, absence, irrigation.

Main Activities of Horticulturalist Societies

They grow p___ crops (dates, bananas, coconuts, figs), a___ s___ crops (wheat, millet, oats, barley), and r___ crops (yam, taro, potatoes, cassava)

Shifting cultivation / Slash-and-burn method: A f___ of p___ c____ in which s___ are p____ in f___ s___ p____ by c___ and b____ the n___ g___; relatively s___ p___ of c___ are followed by l____ f___ p____.
Farmers c___ l____ by s____ or c___ d___ p___ and b____ it before planting to g___ r___ of u___ v____, k___ p___, and p___ a____ that help to f___ the soil

perennial, annual seeds, root

form, plant cultivation, seeds, planted, fertile soil prepared, cutting, burning, natural growth; short periods, cultivation, longer fallowing periods.

clear land, slashing, cutting down plants, burning, get rid, unwanted vegetation, kill pests, provide ashes, fertilize

Division of Labor in Horticulturalist Societies

G___ r___ are c___ d____.

Men c___ g___ a___ and f___ s___ g___ for h___ and f____ for s___ f____.

Women p____ f___, often in small groups.

Both men and women p___ and t___ to the s___ f___ c___ together.

Children a___ h____ and are involved in the tasks of horticulture.

gender roles, clearly divided

clear garden area, form small groups, hunting, fishing, supplementary food

process food

plant, tend, staple food crops

actively help

Private Property in Horticulturalist Societies

The concept of private property d____ n____ e____ in horticulturalist societies.

Horticulturalists p___ u__ r____ that are m___ c___ d____ and f____ compared to foragers.

By c___ and p___ in an area of land, a family puts a c___ on it and its crops.

does not exist

practice use rights, more clearly defined, formalized

clearing, plant, claim

Definition of Agriculture

The c____ of l___ and l____ c____ and i____.

It is a m____ o__ l____ that involves g___ c____ with the use of p____, i____, and f____.

It is a form of c____ p____ that requires i____ w____ of the land with p____ and d____ a____ and the use of t____ of s____ and w____ c____.

cultivation, land, labor continuously, intensively.

mode of living, growing crops, plowing, irrigation, fertilizer.

commodity production, intensive working, plows, draft animals, techniques, soil, water control

Main Activities of Agriculturalist Societies

I_____ involves the use of t____ that allow the s___ p___ of l____ to be u___ r____ w____ l____ its f____.

• W____: R____ u___ c____ from the plot

• P____ with a____: T___ o___ s____ with the help of t____ and a___ l____

• I____: The a____ a____ of w___ to s____ to h___ p___ g___ when r____ is n___ e____

• T____: Turning h___ into f___, s__-l___ a___ to g___ c____

• S____ f____: A____ e___ n____ to the soil to e___ p___ g____.

Intensification, techniques, same plot, land, used repeatedly without losing, fertility.

• Weeding: Removing unwanted crops

• Plowing, animals: turning over soil, tools, animal labor

• Irrigation: artificial application, water, soil. help plant growth, rainfall, not enough

• Terracing: hills, flat, step-like areas, grow crops

• Soil fertilization: adding essential nutrients, enhance plant growth

Division of Labor in Agriculturalist Societies

Division of labor tends to be based on g____.

Men perform most of the f___ l___.

Women p___ f___, m____ the h____, and c___ for c____.

Both men and women are e___ i___ in f___ and m____ of crops.

Children may or may not be heavily involved, d___ on the c___ and t___ of t___ to be done (e.g. h___ c___, c___ for y___ s____).

gender

farming labor

process food, maintain, household, care, children.

equally involved, farming, marketing

depending, context, types, tasks (harvesting crops, caring, younger siblings)

Private Property in Agriculturalist Societies

The concept of private property d___ e___ in agriculturalist societies.

R___ t__ l____ are c___ d____ and p____.

Land can be a___, s____, i____, and t____ through f____, often w____, g____ and l____.

does exist

Rights to land, clearly defined, protected.

acquired, sold, inherited, transferred, formalized, written, guidelines, laws.