Professional Education – Assessment of Learning (Review Vocabulary)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terminology and concepts from lecture notes on Assessment of Learning, Professional Education (CBRC).

Formative Assessment

Ongoing assessment conducted during instruction to monitor learning progress and provide feedback for improvement; also called “assessment for learning.”

Summative Assessment

Assessment administered at the end of a unit or course to determine the extent of learning; also referred to as “assessment of learning.”

Diagnostic Assessment

Pre-instruction assessment used to determine learners’ prior knowledge, skills, and readiness for upcoming lessons.

Assessment FOR Learning

Any assessment practice that supplies feedback to improve teaching and learning while instruction is in progress (formative).

Assessment AS Learning

Assessment in which learners monitor and reflect on their own progress toward self-set learning targets.

Assessment OF Learning

Assessment that certifies or summarizes what learners have achieved, commonly used for grading (summative).

Authentic Assessment

Evaluation of student performance on real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential skills and knowledge.

Performance-Based Assessment

Assessment requiring learners to create a product or demonstrate a process that shows competence in a skill.

Traditional Assessment

Paper-and-pencil tests—e.g., multiple-choice, true-false, matching, essay—that typically measure recall or recognition.

Alternative Assessment

Non-traditional measures such as portfolios, exhibits, journals, and self-assessments used to evaluate learning.

Contextualized Test Item

Question set in a realistic or familiar situation to make assessment more meaningful and authentic to learners.

Decontextualized Test

Assessment focusing on isolated facts or skills without real-world context, e.g., simple recall items.

Table of Specifications (TOS)

Blueprint aligning content areas and cognitive levels with the number of test items to ensure content validity.

Content Validity

Degree to which test items are representative samples of the subject matter and behavioral objectives.

Reliability (Test)

Consistency of assessment results across administrations, scorers, or equivalent forms.

Item Difficulty Index (p)

Proportion of test takers who answered an item correctly; p = 1.0 means the item is very easy.

Item Discrimination Index

Statistic indicating how well a test item differentiates between high- and low-performing students.

Negative Discrimination

Condition where more low scorers than high scorers answer an item correctly, signaling a flawed question.

Standard Deviation (SD)

Measure of score spread or variability around the mean in a distribution.

Percentile Rank

Score indicating the percentage of examinees whose scores fall below a given student’s score.

Norm-Referenced Assessment

Evaluation that interprets a learner’s performance by comparing it to that of a reference group.

Criterion-Referenced Assessment

Assessment that judges performance against defined standards or learning outcomes, not against other learners.

OBE (Outcome-Based Education)

Educational approach in which curriculum, instruction, and assessment are organized around clearly defined learning outcomes.

Constructive Alignment

Design principle ensuring intended learning outcomes, teaching-learning activities, and assessments are coherently linked.

GRASPS

Framework for crafting authentic performance tasks: Goal, Role, Audience, Situation, Product/Performance, Standards.

Holistic Rubric

Scoring guide that assesses a product or performance as a single, overall impression.

Analytic Rubric

Scoring tool that evaluates separate criteria of a product or performance, providing detailed feedback.

Developmental Rubric

Analytic rubric describing progressive levels of mastery, useful for tracking growth over time.

Checklist

Binary scoring tool indicating presence or absence of specific behaviors, skills, or traits.

Rating Scale

Instrument that assigns numerical values to the degree to which a trait or behavior is present.

Likert Scale

Survey format prompting respondents to indicate agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agreement continuum.

Semantic Differential

Affective measure using bipolar adjective pairs (e.g., interesting–boring) to gauge attitudes toward a concept.

Showcase Portfolio

Collection highlighting a learner’s best work, often used for job or program applications.

Process Portfolio

Portfolio documenting stages of learning and drafts to illustrate growth and reflection.

Development Portfolio

Compilation showing a learner’s progress over time and areas needing improvement.

Assessment Portfolio

Portfolio assembled to verify that learning objectives or competencies have been achieved.

e-Portfolio

Digital collection of artifacts reflecting learning achievements, typically web-based and easily updated.

Semantic Differential Scale

Tool for measuring connotative meaning of concepts via bipolar adjectives; useful for attitude assessment.

Intelligence Test

Standardized instrument designed to measure general cognitive ability, administered individually or in groups.

Aptitude Test

Assessment predicting future performance or learning capacity in a particular area or vocation.

Achievement Test

Standardized test measuring how much knowledge or skill a learner has gained in a subject.

Difficulty Index (p-value)

Numerical indicator (0–1) of an item’s ease; higher values denote easier items.

Discrimination Index (D)

Statistic (-1 to +1) reflecting an item’s ability to distinguish between high and low achievers.

Kurtosis

Statistic describing the “peakedness” or flatness (e.g., leptokurtic, platykurtic) of a score distribution.

Skewness

Measure of asymmetry in a distribution; negative skew indicates more high scores, positive skew more low.

Holistic Scoring Advantage

Takes less time to create and apply compared with analytic scoring, useful for quick overall judgments.

Process-Based Assessment

Evaluation focusing on the steps taken to complete a task, such as observing a lab procedure.

Product-Based Assessment

Assessment concentrating on the final output or artifact created, e.g., a sewn garment or research paper.

Semantic Differential (Affective Tool)

Instrument employing opposing adjectives to measure attitudes along continua (e.g., boring–exciting).

DepEd Grading System (Grades 1–10)

Combines written work, performance tasks, and quarterly assessment to compute grades.

Outstanding (90–100)

DepEd descriptor for a very high level of proficiency, equivalent to a numerical grade of 90 and above.

Did Not Meet Expectation (<75%)

DepEd proficiency descriptor indicating a student scored below the passing mark.

Peer Collaboration

Positive, goal-oriented interaction among colleagues providing constructive feedback for professional growth.

Semantic Differential Scale

Affective rating tool using bipolar adjectives allowing respondents to express nuanced attitudes.