GA2 Exam 2

Platysma is part of what fascia? What is it a muscle of?

Superficial fscia; muscle of facial expression

Platysma covers what aspect of the neck?

Anterolateral

Platysma Origin

O: deep fascia covering deltoid and pec major

Platysma Insertion

I: Inferior border of mandible

Platysma Nerve

N: Cervical branch of CN VII (facial)

Actions of platysma

tense skin, depress mandible, draw corners of mouth inferior (grimace)

Men use platysma during what?

Shaving neck and easing tight collars

Greater occipital (C2) has what origin?

Dorsal ramus

Lesser occipital (C2) has what origin?

Ventral ramus

Lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical and supraclavicular make up what?

Cervical plexus

Is the greater occipital part of the cervical plexus?

No

Erb’s point is what?

Point where 4 cervical plexus nerves become superficial?

External jugular vein begins in what location?

Angle of mandible (inferior to auricle)

What veins form EJV?

Posterior retromandibular and posterior auricular

EJV terminates into what?

Subclavian vein

EJV crosses ____ obliquely and passed behind ____

SCM; platysma

A distended jugular vein is congestive of what?

Heart failure

What percentage of the population has their anterior jugular arches form the jugular venous arch?

60%

Anterior jugular vein arises near what? From what veins?

Hyoid bone; small veins under chin

Anterior jugular vein turns into what vein?

EJV or subclavian

Just above what landmark do the anterior jugular veins form the jugular venous arch?

jugular notch

SCM Origin

O: Manubrium and medial third of clavicle

SMC Insertion

I: Mastoid Process of temporal bone

SCM Nerve

N: Spinal part of accessory nerve (C2, C3)

SCM actions

bilaterally extends head at atlanto-occipital joint and flexes neck at c/s

unilaterally ipsi-contra

What is a clinical condition that results in shortening of SCM or spasmodic contraction of SCM?

Torticollis-Wryneck

Anterior, Posterior, Inferior border of Posterior Triangle of Neck

A: SCM

P: Trapezius

I: Middle third clavicle

What divides the posterior triangle?

Inferior belly of omohyoid

Two smaller triangles of posterior are called?

Occipital and supraclavicular

Occipital triangle bounded by what?

Traps, SCM and inferior omohyoid

Supraclavicular/subclavian triangle bounded by what?

Smaller; bounded by omohyoid inferior belly, SCM and clavicle

What are the arteries in posterior triangle?

Subclavian, superficial (transverse) cervical, suprascapular and occipital artery

What are the veins in posterior triangle?

EJV and tributaries and subclavian

What nerves are in posterior triangle?

brachial plexus, spinal accessory, branches of cervical plexus

If spinal accessory is damaged, what happens to trapezius? To SCM?

Trap function is gone; SCM is okay

What makes floor of posterior triangle?

Prevertebral fascia, splenius capitus, levator scap, middle & posterior & anterior scalene

How often is anterior scalene part of the floor?

occasionally

Anterior Scalene origin

O: anterior tubercles of TPs C3-C6

Anterior Scalene Insertion

I: First rib

Anterior Scalene Nerve

N: Ventral Rami C4-6

Anterior Scalene Actions

Bilaterally elevate first rib

Unilaterally flex and rotate neck

Anterior Scalene anterior relations

Subclavian vein, transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries, phrenic nerve

Anterior Scalene posterior relations

subclavian artery, brachial plexus

Anterior Scalene medial relations

vertebral artery and vein

thyrocervical trunk

Anterior Scalene lateral relations

roots of brachial plexus

Middle Scalene origin

O: Posterior tubercles C2-7

Middle Scalene Insertion

I: upper surface of first rib, behind groove for subclavian artery

Middle Scalene N

N: Ventral rami C3-8

Middle Scalene action

bilaterally elevates first rib

unilaterally flexes neck

Posterior Scalene Origin

O: posterior tubercles of TPs C4-6

Posterior Scalene Insertion

I: outer surface of second rib

Posterior Scalene Nerve

N: ventral rami C6-8

Posterior Scalene Action

bilaterally: elevate second rib

unilaterally: laterally flex neck

Brachial Plexus formed by what?

Ventral rami C5-T1

Roots of brachial plexus enter between what muscles? Covered by what?

anterior and middle scalenes; axillary sheath (deep cervical fascia)

Divisions of brachial plexus occur where?

Supraclavicular triangle

Origins of dorsal scapular nerve?

C5

Origins of suprascapular nerve

C5, C6

What trunk does suprascapular come from

superior trunk

Cervical plexus is made up what nerves?

ventral rami C1-C5

Cervical plexus is related to what?

IJV within carotid sheath

Motor (GSE) branches from cervical plexus go to?

Prevertebral muscles, SCM, levator scap, traps, infrahyoid muscles through ansa

Phrenic nerve (C3-5) supplies motor supply to what?

Diaphragm

Ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop formed from what roots?

superior root and inferior root

Superior root of ansa c. is what?

branch of C1 joining hypoglossal n. then seperates to form sup. root

Inferior root of ansa c. is what?

dscending cervical n. carrying C2-3 fibers

Ansa Cervicalis innervates what muscle?

Infrahyoid

Boundaries of anterior triangle are what?

Midline of neck

Anterior border of SCM

Lower margin of mandible

Anterior triangles are divided into smaller triangles by what?

Anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle and superior belly of omohyoid muscle

Submental triangle of anterior triangle boundaries

midline of neck

anterior belly of digastric muscle

body of hyoid bone

Submandibular triangle second name?

Digastric triangle

Submandibular triangle boundaries

anterior belly of digastric

posterior belly of digastric

lower border of mandible

Carotid triangle boundaries?

superior belly of omohyoid

anterior border of SCM

posterior belly digastric

Muscular triangle boundaries

midline of neck

anterior border SCM

Superior belly omohyoid

Suprahyoid muscles include

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, genihyoid

Infrahyoid muscles

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyoid, thyrohyoid

In front Of The Sexy Sternum

Infra- Omohyoid, Thyrhyoid, Sternhyoid, Sternothyroid

What region of skull contains carotid system of arteries?

anterior cervical region

Internal carotid artery sends blood toward what?

For brain (more lateral)

What are the main vessels for the carotid triangle?

Common carotid artery and internal carotid artery

Where do branches of the external carotid artery originate?

Carotid triangle

Within what does the common carotid, vagus and IJV ascend?

carotid sheath

Where does the carotid sheath extend and end at?

level of superior border of thyroid cartilage

Internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck?

True

Carotid sinus is where? What is it? What does it contain?

At the beginning of ICA; localized dilatation; baroreceptors

Tunica adventitia of carotid sinus contains nerve endings from what nerve?

Glossopharyngeal

The carotid sinus contains what that regulate BP short term?

baroreceptors; cause HR to increase and vasoconstriction to decrease

increase BP

What lies posterior to point of bifurfication of CCA?

Carotid body

What color is Carotid body? What is it?

Small redish brown; chemoreceptor (senses buildup of CO2) GVA fibers

Carotid body is innervated by what?

CN IX glossopharyngeal

ECA ends within parotid gland and splits into two branches being?

Superficial temporal and maxillary

Branches of superficial temporal artery? Courses where and enters what?

transverse facial, frontal, temporal; courses anterior and enters infratemporal fossa

What are the anterior branches of ECA?

Superior thyroid, lingula, facial

Posterior branches of ECA

Post. auricular, occipital, asc. pharyngeal

Plenty of ass in posterior

Posterior = posterior division

Plenty = post. auricular

Of = Occipital

Anatomist = asc. pharyngeal

Left subclavian artery arises from what?

aortic arch

Right subclavian artery arises from what?

Brachiocephalic artery

Both subclavian arties pass where to anterior scalene m.?

Posterior

What divides subclavian a. into three parts?

anterior scalene muscle

First part of subclavian artery gives off what branches?

vertebral, thyrocervical and internal thoracic