topic 3 end of topic

what is the formula for surface area of a square

6x²

what is the formula for surface area of sphere

4πr²

What SA to Vol ratio do small organisms have?

large surface area to volume ratio

What SA to Vol ratio do big organisms have?

small surface area to volume ratio

what are the 3 components of the insect respiratory system

spiracles

trachea

tracheoles

what are the 3 methods of gas exchange in insects

mass transport

concentration gradient

water at the end of tracheoles

describe concentration gradient insects

oxygen is used by respiring cells which lowers the concentration of oxygen at the ends of the tracheoles.

describe mass transport in insects

Rhythmic abdominal contractions

describe water at the end of tracheoles

Lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration

Lactate lowers the water potential of the muscle cells which causes water to move into the cells by osmosis. This decreases the volume of water at the end of the tracheoles causing more air to be drawn in.

describe the structure of a fish's gills

gills contain filaments with lamellae which increase surface area

describe counter current flow

1. Water flows in opposite direction to blood

2. Blood always passing water with a higher oxygen concentration

3. Diffusion gradient maintained throughout the gill

What is a xerophytic plant?

A plant that is adapted to live in dry climates

what are the structural features of xerophytic plant

waxy cuticle

rolled leaf

leaf hairs

stomata sunk in pits

what are the components of the respiratory system in order top to bottom

mouth/nose

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

(intercostals, diaphragm, ribs)

what surrounds the lungs

pleura and pleura fluid

what is the middle part of the body called

thorax

what lines the bronchi

ciliated cells

(cilia/mucus)

what is the 1st stage of active inspiration

external intercostals contract

internals relax

what is the 2nd stage of active inspiration

ribs are pulled up and out increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

what is the 3rd stage of active inspiration

diaphragm contracts and flattens

what is the 4th stage of active inspiration

pressure in lungs decreases lower than atmospheric so air is forced into the lungs

what is the 1st stage forced expiration

internal intercostals contract and externals relax

what is the 2nd stage of forced expiration

ribs move down and in decreasing size of thoracic cavity

what is the 3rd stage of forced expiration

diaphragm relaxes

what is the 4th stage of forced expiration

pressure in lungs is more than atmospheric forcing air out of the lungs

where does CO2 and O2 go in the alveoli

co2 goes out of the lungs

o2 goes into the blood

what is the equation for pulmonary ventilation

tidal volume x breathing rate

what is spirometry

Test used to diagnose and monitor lung conditions.

what is forced expiratory volume

volume of air exhaled during forced breath in 1 second

what is force vital capacity

the total volume of air exhaled during a forced breath

define asthma

airways becoming enflamed

define emphysema

foreign particles becoming trapped in the alveoli

define tuberculosis

lung disease caused by bacteria

define fibrosis

formation of scar tissue so lungs cant hold as much air

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine

duodenum

jejunum

illeum

what are the 2 types of digestion

physical

chemical

what are the 2 carbohydrase's

amylase

membrane bound disaccharidases

what is function of carbohydrases

hydrolyse glycosidic bonds

what is the function of endopeptidase

hydrolyse peptide bonds in the middle of the polypeptide

what is the function of exopeptidase

hydrolyse the peptide bonds at the ends of the polypeptides

what is the function of dipeptidase

hydrolyses dipeptides into single amino acids

what are the two ways lipids are digested

lipase and bile salts

what is the functions of lipases

to hydrolyse ester bonds of triglycerides

where are bile salts produced

liver

what is the function of bile salts

emulsify lipids into micelles

descibe the process of absorption

. the conc of Na+ is reduced by sodium potassium pump via active transport with ATP

. sodium molecules are co transported with glucose molecules from the illeum

. conc of glucose increases and is transported into the blood via a span protein

what is the function of micelles

to increase surface area for faster hydrolysis of lipids

describe the process of lipid digestion

. fatty acids and monoglycerides are emulsified into micelles

. the enter the cell by simple diffusion as they are lipid soluble

. Golgi puts micelles into vesicles and reforms into chylomicrons

. vesicles exit via exocytosis

how is the secondary structure of protein formed

hydrogen bonds amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

how is the tertiary structure of a protein formed

interactions between R groups

how is the quaternary structure formed

bonding of more than one polypeptide chain

how many oxygen molecules can 1 haem group bond with

4

how does the affinity of haemoglobin change when at the gas exchange site

readily associates and picks up oxyegn

how does the affinity of hemoglobin change at the tissues

readily dissociates with oxygen

what happens when the 1st oxygen molecule binds to the first haem group

the shape of the molecules changes making it easier to attach a second third and fourth molecule

what happens when the oxyhemoglobin graph shifts left

higher affinity for o2

what happens when the oxyhemoglobin graph shifts right

lower affinity for o2

Describe the single circulatory system

blood only passes through the heart once per complete circuit

describe the double circulatory system

blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit

how does cohesion tension theory work

adhesion between walls and molecules and cohesion between molecules

factors that affect transpiration

Light, temperature, humidity, wind speed

what cells is the xylem made of

dead cells with lignin for structural purposes