Carbohydrate Metabolism

sum of of the chemical reactions that take place within each of the cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material

Metabolism

What are the 3 types of metabolic reaction

Catabolic

Anabolic

Amphibolic

Breaking down reactions

Catabolic

ATP-producing metabolic reaction

Catabolic

Metabolic reaction wherein a complex molecule is broken down into a simpler molecule

Catabolic

Building up reactions

Anabolic

Metabolic reaction wherein a simple molecule is built up to a complex molecule

Anabolic

ATP-requiring metabolic reaction

Anabolic

Includes both anabolic and catabolic processes

Amphibolic

Energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things

ATP

Energy currency of the cell

ATP

Links Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

ATP

[T or F] Energy is stored in Fat and Proteins because it is easier to breakdown and retrieved compared to ATP

F

Loss of electrons

Oxidation

Loss of H+

Oxidation

Gain of O

Oxidation

Loss of O

Reduction

Gain of electrons

Reduction

Gain of H+

Reduction

an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to help in the catalysis of a reaction

Co-enzymes

Intermediate carriers of electrons

Co-enzymes

What are the 2 Co-Enzymes involved in Redox Reactions

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide)

FAD (Flavin Adenosine Dinucleotide)

No. of electrons NAD gains

2e-

No. of electrons FAD gains

1e-

No. of H+ ion FAD gains

2H+

No. of H+ ion NAD gains

1H+

Reduced form of NAD

NADH

Reduced form of FAD

FADH2

In the ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation, how many ATP is generated from 1 NADH

2.5 ATPs

In the ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation, how many ATP is generated from 1 FADH2

1.5 ATPs

hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas

Insulin

hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas

glucagon

hormone produced by the delta cells of the pancreas

somatostatin

Function of Insulin

Intracellular transport of glucose

Fates of Glucose inside the cell (3)

Converted to glycogen

Converted to fats

Metabolized to produce heat & generate energy

Old name of glucose

Glycose

other name for Glycolysis

EMP (Embden, Meyerhoff, Parnas) PAthway

Site of Glycolysis/Cytosol or Cytoplasm

[T or F] Glycolysis is an aerobic type of reaction as it requires oxygen

F

Final products of Glycolysis

2 ATP

2 NADH

2 pyruvate

What are the 3 phases of Glycolysis and its steps

(1) Investment or Preparatory Phase (1-3)

(2) Cleavage (4-5)

(3) Pay-off Phase (6-10)

[Glycolysis] Step 1 Enzyme

Hexokinase (HK)

[Glycolysis] Step 2 Enzyme

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)

[Glycolysis] Step 3 Enzyme

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

[Glycolysis] Step 4 Enzyme

Aldolase

[Glycolysis] Step 5 Enzyme

Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI)

[Glycolysis] Step 6 Enzyme

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Gl-3-P DH)

[Glycolysis] ****Step 7 Enzyme

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

[Glycolysis] Step 8 Enzyme

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

[Glycolysis] Step 9 Enzyme

Enolase

[Glycolysis] Step 10 Enzyme

Pyruvate Kinase

Steps in glycolysis wherein the reaction is irreversible, also known as regulatory steps

Step 1, 3, 10

Steps in glycolysis where phosphoryl group transfer occur

Step 1,3,7,10

Steps in glycolysis where isomerization occur

Step 2,5

Steps in glycolysis where ATP is generated

Step 7 & Step 10

Steps in glycolysis where NADH is produced

Step 6

Steps in glycolysis where ATP is "invested"

Step 1 & 3

Steps in glycolysis where Pyruvate is generated

Step 10

[Glycolysis] Step 1 Substrate & Product

Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate

[Glycolysis] Step 2 Substrates & Product

Glucose-6-phosphate → Frcutose-6-Phosphate

[Glycolysis] Step 3 Substrates & Product

Fructose-6-Phosphate → Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate

[Glycolysis] Step 4 Substrates & Product

Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate → Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

[Glycolysis] Step 5 Substrates & Product

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

[Glycolysis] Step 6 Substrates & Product

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate → 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

NADH

[Glycolysis] Step 7 Substrates & Product

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate → 3-Phosphoglycerate

ATP

[Glycolysis] Step 8 Substrates & Product

3-Phosphoglyverate → 2-Phosphoglycerate

H2O

[Glycolysis] Step 10 Substrates & Product

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → Pyruvate

ATP

[Glycolysis] Reaction Step 2

Isomerization

[Glycolysis] Reaction Step 4

Aldol Cleavage

[Glycolysis] Reaction Step 6

Redox

[Glycolysis] Reaction Step 8

Phosphoryl Shift Transfer

[Glycolysis] Reaction Step 9

Dehydration

Step where water is produced

Step 9

transfer of Phosphoryl to organic molecules (ex. ADP) to product ATP

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (SLP)

electrons derived from NADH and FADH2 combine with O2 and the energy released from these oxidation or reduction reactions is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Site of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Mitochondrion

What are the 2 Transporter in the MA Shuttle

Malate Transporter

Aspartate Transporter

Which cells do the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle occur

Heart, Liver & Kidney Cells

[MA Shuttle] Site of Step 1

Cytosol

[MA Shuttle] Site of Step 2

Mitochondrial Matrix

[MA Shuttle] ****Site of Step 3

Mitochondrial Matrix

[MA Shuttle] Site of Step 4

Cytosol

[MA Shuttle] Enzyme in Step 1

Malate Dehydrogenase

[MA Shuttle] Enzyme in Step 2

Malate Dehydrogenase

[MA Shuttle] Enzyme in Step 3

Aspartate Aminotransferase

[MA Shuttle] Enzyme in Step 4

Aspartate Aminotransferase

[MA Shuttle] Step 1 Reactions

Reduction of Oxaloacetate → Malate

Oxidation of NADH → NAD+

[MA Shuttle] Step 2 Reactions

Oxidation of Malate → Oxaloacetate

Reduction of NAD+ → NADH

[MA Shuttle] Step 3 Reaction

Transamination of Oxaloacetate → Aspartate

[MA Shuttle] Step 4 Reaction

Transamination of Aspartate → Oxaloacetate

ATPs yielded in the MA Shuttle

5 ATP

Which cells do the Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle occur

Brain & Muscle Cells

[GP Shuttle] Step 1

Reduction of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate → Glycerol-3-Phosphate

Oxidation of NADH + H+

[GP Shuttle] Step 2

Oxidation of Glycerol-3-Phosphate → Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

Reduction of FAD → FADH2

[GP Shuttle] Step 1 Enzyme

Cystolic Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Dehydrogenase

[GP Shuttle] Step 2 Enzyme

Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

In the GP Shuttle, which co-enzyme is converted to ATP

FADH2

In the MA Shuttle, which co-enzyme is converted to ATP

NADH

[T or F] In the GP shuttle, for DHAP to be reduced to eventually be FADH, 2e- and 2H+ is needed so unbound an H+ joins with NADH to be oxidized in the Cytosol

T

How many ATP is produced in the GP Shuttle

3 ATP

What the the 2 types of reaction under the Formation of Acetyl-CoA

Aerobic & Anaerobic Reaction