AP Euro Final Review

Black Death (The Plague)

1347 Genoese sailors carried cargo along with disease-infested rats and fleas with a disease later called this. Often transmitted person to person- many priests died because cared for the sick. Started with boil, bubo that was a bump the size of a nut or apple and very painful- gave name. Next came bleeding under skin with spots and blotches. Finally person coughed violently and spit blood and death followed in 2 or 3 days. Not enough time, people, and places to bury and properly care for the dead body so disease spread faster.

Hundred Years' War

Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states. 1259 Treaty of Paris said English king agreed to become vassal of French crown. When Queen Isabella of England killed her husband King Edward II the French barons wouldn't let her son Edward III or her rule the French monarch. Crown given to Philip VI nephew of Philip the Fair and Philip exercised full jurisdiction which Edward III said violated Treaty of Paris. War also became French civil war making it last longer. Both governments supported the war. England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Both sides death great and because of Black Death. The crisis led to challenges to the Church.

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king and helped French win key battles in Hundreds Years' War. English captured her and France didn't fight back. English condemned her as a heretic in 1431 and burned her at stake in Rouen marketplace.

Babylonian Captivity

(1309-1376) Philip the Faire pressured Pope Clement V to settle permanently in Avignon, France to control the church and its policies. It weakened the papal prestige.

Great Schism

Italian citizens wanted a new pope in Rome and France wanted Cardinal Robert, cousin of Charles V of France to be pope in Avignon. There were 2 popes, Urban (VI) in Rome and Clement VII (Cardinal Robert) in Avignon. Confusion over which pope was legitimate and broke down piety and the church. 2 popes and division until 1417

John Wycliffe

English scholar like an early Martin Luther and helped Europe move toward the Reformation. Wrote that papal claims of power were not in the Scriptures and the Scriptures alone should be standard of belief and everyone should read for themselves. Urged abolition of veneration of saints, pilgrims, pluralism and absenteeism.

Conciliar Movement

Reform of the church through general councils representing all Christians. The pope still is the head of the church, but authority is from the Christian community. Solution to the unrest and Schism and called for a new pope. Led rise to Renaissance papacy.

Jan Hus

Czechoslovakian priest like Wycliffe. He denounced superstition, sale of indulgences, and other abuses. He defeated transubstantiation and insisted Church authority derived from the Scripture alone.

Secularism

concern with the material world and not the eternal world of spirit. Want to find the ultimate explanation of everything. New society and wealth allowed material pleasures, comfortable life and time to appreciate the arts.

Humanism

Expansion of learning and emphasized humans and their achievements, interests, and capabilities. Importance of the individual to get an education, study Latin, and wrote to understand human value. Christian believe in education but stress ethical way of life and spiritual and education through church.

Individualism

Stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents.

Francesco Petrarch

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular and broke from the old Rome glory ages what he called "Dark Ages" into a new golden age of intellectual achievement.

Italian Renaissance

interest in classical antiquity, perfect human form, and high regard for the individual. Papal still hold authority but people turn toward material things and interest in art.

Northern Renaissance

like Christian humanist more interest in biblical and devotional literature, polished the human soul and searched for Christian roots. More ethnic morality, literature, and art.

Italian City States

Power held in Florence by Medici banking family. Central Italy was Papal States. Major states controlled smaller ones competing for territory and created balance of power and modern diplomacy. A lot of oversea and canal transport and trade and Florence capital of banking but most Italians made money through selling wool

Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal States

Feudalism

class structure

Rapheal Sanzio

Florentine who created frescoes (rapid watercolor painting done on wet plaster, walls, and ceilings) in the papal apartments and painted portraits of devotional images.

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote The Courtier (1528) about training the young man into a gentleman. He should be educated in many academic subjects and have spiritual, physical, and intellectual capabilities. Young men should be able to dance, sing, wrestle, ride, do difficult math, and speak and write well. Also talked about perfect court lady but to lesser extent and women too should be educated, play instrument, paint, and have beauty and dress modest. 16th and 17th century translated into all European languages and shaped social mores and patterns.

Johann Gutenberg

invented to movable type- printing press with metal inked up symbols pressed onto the paper

Renaissance Women (Laura Creta)

humanist who defended women's right to education- wrote letters people read, wanted them to paint but not excepted into academies and universities, not allowed to study male nude or sign name for art

Thomas More

wrote Utopia (1516) presents a perfect society in which everyone is equal. Suggests that the basic problems in society are caused by greed, people are corrupt.

Desiderius Erasmus

wrote 'The Praise of Folly' 'The Education of a Christian Prince' believed that education is the means to reform, and the core of education shoud be to study the bible and the classics

Rogier Van der Weyden

Flemish painters used oil based paints successfully, paid attention to personality and were considered equals of Italian painters

Jan Van Eyck

one of earliest artists who used oil-based paintings. 'Ghent Altarpiece' and 'Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride' show Flemish love for detail

War of the Roses

2 rival houses but also had family power 1455-1471 dual houses of York (white rose symbol) and Lancaster (red rose symbol) civil war, Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians

Giotto

Florentine painter who used realism in treatment of the human body and face

Albrect Durer

German artist used realism and painted many self portraits made many woodcuts

Cesare Borgia

son of Pope Alexander VI who aided his father militarily and politically. He became the hero of Machiavelli's "The Prince" he was like a lion and fox and united the peninsula by conquering and demanding total obedience from the people to make the Papal States.

Brethern of the Common Life

Holland common lay people, lived in simplicity, religion = inner experience, taught local schools, Thomas Kempis - the Imitation of Christ

Martin Luther

Augustinian friar who challenged the Catholic Church and the sale of indulgences, 'faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone' 1517 95 thesis on Wittenburg Castle 'On Secular Government' (all Christians should obey their rulers)

Charles V

Holy Roman Empire r. 1519-1556, strong defender of Catholicism, Peace of Augsburg 1555, summoned Luther to appear before Diet of Worms

Henry VIII

King of England r. 1509-1547 Divorced Catherine of Aragon, anne boleyn, used parliament to legalize the Reformation in England, Act of Restraint and Act of Supremacy, dissolved English monasteries, his reign saw the growth of centralized bureaucratic state. Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived (The Other Boleyn Girl movie)

Thomas Cromwell

Henry VIII's chief minister 1540 he was beheaded

Mary I (Tudor)

England r. 1553-1558 restored Roman Catholicism, executed several hundred Protestant

Elizabeth I (Tudor)

England r. 1558-1603 chose a middle route between Catholicism and Protestantism, required subjects to outwardly practice Catholicism but did not care what the actually believed, Elizabethan Settlement

John Knox

dominated the reform movement in Scotland, established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Book of Common Order

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist, early reformer who preached not from the church's readings but relyed on Erasmus' New Testament and read it from Matthew to Revelations. convinced that christian life rested on the Scriptures and sacraments

Protestantism vs. Catholicism

Salvation: Catholic- free gift from God already saved Protestant- same as Catholic but only if believe in Christ Calvin- free gift predestination only some chosen

How to achieve salvation: Catholic- justify faith through good works Protestantism: can't be earned faith necessary but works not needed Calvin- predetermined who is saved works make no difference (but people tried to be good to show others god had chosen them)

Source of Divine: Catholic- scripture and tradition Protestantism- scripture only Calvin- scripture only

Sacraments: Catholic- 7 sacraments Protestantism- 2 baptism and confirmation Calvin- 2 ordinances, Baptism and Lord's Supper

Hapsburg-Valois War

Italy became good battlefield and easy target of foreign armies like France and Holy Roman Empire conflict to control parts of Italy split into rival states easy prey like a mouse France and Spain (hawks) want supremacy Charles VIII (french) invades Italy and takes Naples- more territorial than religious but religion did play a small role

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

end of the Hapsburg-Valois war gives Two Sicilies and Milan to Spain (Philip II)

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism

Jesuits

Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola spread Protestantism through education converting Asians, Latin American Indians to Catholicism

Greeks (help shape Western Civilization)

Philosophical thought and shaping of the human mind, concept of beauty, art, and literature

Romans (help shape Western Civilization)

architecture, law, government, roads, representative government- republican, make calendar

Benthamites

followers of radical philosopher Bentham; believed that public problems should be solved on a rational, scientific basis and acording to the "greatest good for the greatest number"

breast-feeding

mothers increasingly breastfed their own children as opposed to having wet nurses do it

Louis Pasteur

developed the germ theory; discovered that the process of pasteurization degermed beverages like milk, beer and wine

Sigmond Freud

psychoanalyst who developed groundbreaking theories about human mind; id, ego, superego, sexual desire, and subconsious drives

Middle Class

social class that rose to dominance in nineteenth century urban society; included such groups as doctors, merchants, lawyers, etc.

Darwin

developed theories of evolution; applied by Social Darwinists to society to justify "survival of the fittest"

illegitimacy explosion

drastic increase in illegitimate births between 1750 and 1850

realism

art form that arose in 1840s that strove to portray life exactly as it was

Emile Zola

realist author; wrote "The Germinal"; was known for his seamy animalistic view of working class life; sympathized with socialism

Louis Napoleon

also known as Napoleon III; elected president in 1848 then voted emperor; successful economy and widespread support; attempted to expand French territory -> lack of support -> progressivly liberalized empire -> new constitution with parliament and hereditary emperor

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist who led guerilla army of "Red Shirts" to conquer much of the Italian penninsula; later turned over all conquered territory to Vicot Emmanuel

North German Confdederation

confederation of northern german states; led by Prussia; in opposition to Austrian influence in the south

October Manifesto

decree issued by the Russian czar following the peasant uprising caused by Bloody Sunday that granted full civil rights and a parliament

Congress of Vienna

Meeting held among the great European powers after Napoleon's defeat; est. conservatism and opposed nationalism

Otto von Bismark

German chancellor who is responsible for the unification of the German confederation into the German State; developed system of alliances throughout Europe

zemstvo

new German institution of government; dealt with local issues; made up of 3-class sys of towns, villages, and noble landowners

Duma

Russian parliament est. in the October Manifesto

Reichstag

popularly elected lower house of the German parliament

Giuseppe Mazzini

radical Italian patriot who advocated a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of people

Austro-Prussian War

war between Prussia and Austria in 1866; Prussia won and Austria ageed to stay out of German affairs

Alexander II

Russian czar who freed the serfs; other attempts at reform were limited

Dreyfus Affair

the conflict over the false accusation of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain of the French army

Bloody Sunday

massacre of Russin protesters by Russian troops; sparked peasant uprising that culminated in Ocotber Manifesto

Zionism

the idea a Jewish state should be created; advocated by Theodore Herzl

Great Powers

the strongest European nations; at the onset of WWI they included Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungary

Archduke Ferdinand and Sophie

the Austrian couple that was assasinated by a Serbian nationalist, sparking WWI

total war

a development of WWI; the total mobilization of society for war

League of Nations

later known as the United Nations; a council with representatives of all nations that comes together to discuss international disputes peacefully; advocated in one of Wilson's Fourteen Points

Three Emperor's League

alliance established by Bismark linking the monarchs of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary

trench warfare

war stradegy establish in WWI that involved the two opposing sides holing up in trenches not far from each other and shooting at each other nonstop; it featured heavy casualties on both sides and little territorial gain

Nicholas II

Russian czar who was overthrown in the Russian revolution; conservative, rejected calls to share power, highly unpopular

Treaty of Versailles

treaty that ended WWI; imposed harsh settlement on Germany (had to accept resposibility and repay all civilian damages), est League of Nations, Balfour Declaration;

Triple Alliance

WWI alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy; aka Central Powers

Triple Entente

WWI alliance among Russia, France, Britain

Central Powers

another name for the nations of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)

Bolsheviks

"majority group"; faction of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that advocated a small elitist party; came to dominate and controlt he Russian government, putting Lenin in power

Mensheviks

"minority group"; faction of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that advocated a more democratic party; defeated by the Bolsheviks

Lusitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by German submarines, killing 139 Americans and leading to American intervention in the War

Lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks that led them to power; ruled as a repressive totalitarian dictator in Russia for many years

Cheka

tsarist secret police that were re-est under Lenin; hunted down and executed thousand s of real-supposed foes

Friedrich Nietzsche

German existentialist thinker who proclaimed "God is dead"; believed Christianity to be "slave morality," people's only hope was to accept the meaninglessness of life and be liberated by that knowledge

existentialism

a very diverse branch of philosophy that arose during the age of anxiety; individual thinkers varied greatly but were loosely united by search for moral values in an uncertain world

Revival of Christianity

the renewed interest in Christianity during the age of anxiety; people focused mainly on humans' sinful natuer, need for faith, and mystery of God's forgeiveness

Bauhaus

an interdiscilinary school for both fine arts (painting and sculpture) and applied arts (printing, weaving, furniture making); founded by Walter Gropius

impressionism

an art form that arose int he age of anxiety that sought to capture the effect of light on objects

Dadaism

an art form that arose int he age of anxiety that broke from all accepted standards of art; the mre outrageous the better

Einstein

a German-Jewish scientist; developed theory of special relativity; broke severly with Newtonian physics

Picasso

famous artist of the Age of Anxiety; developed the cubist movement; painted "Les Desmoiselles d'Avignon" and "Guernica"

Dawes Plan

plan developed by Charles Dawes to assist Germany with its war reparations; US gave loans to Germany, who then paid back France and Britain, which then paid back the US

Great Depression

severe economic recession from 1929 to 1939 that affected the entire world economy; featured massive unemployment and pessimism

Roosevelt

US president during Great Depression and WWII; developed the "New Deal" for dealing with the Great Depression, led the US to victory in WWII

New Deal

US plan for dealing with the Great Depression; promoted agricultural recovery, vast public works programs, est social security system, encouraged collective bargaining