Reproductive System (DAT)

Reproductive structures responsible for producing gametes and sex hormones

gonads

The female gonad

ovary

The male gonad

testes

Ovaries produce ___ and ___

eggs and estrogen

Testes produce ___ and ___

sperm and testosterone

Estrogen and testosterone are primarily regulated by what two hormones

FSH and LH

Each female has ___ ovar(ies)

2

The common name for the oviduct

fallopian tube

There is/are ___ oviduct(s) per ovary

1

Eggs move from the ovary to the uterus via the

oviduct

Eggs are swept into the oviduct via

fimbriae

Fertilization occurs in the

oviduct

The muscular chamber where the embryo develops until birth

uterus

A zygote will attach to the inside of the ___ wall after fertilization

uterine

At birth, the baby moves from the uterus to the vagina via the

cervix

The external cavity that provides the optimal temperature for sperm production

scrotum

The organ inside of the scrotum responsible for the production of sperm

testes

The tubules located inside the testes

seminiferous

List the three cells contained in the seminiferous tubule

sertoli, leydig, spermatogonia

Sertoli cells are stimulated by what hormone

FSH

Leydig cells are stimulated by what hormone

LH

What cell in the seminiferous tubule surrounds and nurtures developing sperm

sertoli

What cell surrounds the seminiferous tubule

leydig

What cell in the seminiferous tubule will begin producing testosterone and androgens at puberty

leydig

What cell in the seminiferous tubule will undergo meiosis to create sperm gametes

spermatogonia

Coiled tubules that contain the cells that produce sperm

seminiferous

The coiled tube that is attached to the testes

epididymis

The site for final maturation and storage of sperm

epididymis

Muscular tube that undergoes peristalsis in males

vas deferens

Transfers sperm from each epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

vas deferens

The combination of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle duct

ejaculatory duct

The ejaculatory duct opens up to the

urethra

The duct that allows for the passage of semen and urine

urethra

Transports semen into vagina

penis

Acronym to remember the path of sperm

seven up

List the path of the sperm

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis

The two glands that secrete seminal fluid into the seminal vesicle duct

seminal vesicles

The ejaculatory duct is formed when the ___ merges with the ___

seminal vesicle, vas deferens

The mucous of the seminal vesicles provides ___ for sperm

liquid

The fructose of the seminal vesicles provides ___ for sperm

energy

Prostaglandins stimulate ___ contractions to help sperm move into the uterus

uterine

Seminal fluid is slightly ___ to counteract the ___ of the vagina

alkaline, acidity

Produces slightly alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm and substances from other glands to make up semen

prostate gland

Helps neutralize the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

prostate gland

Produces fluid to lubricate the urethra and neutralize any acidity from residual urine

cowper’s gland

Oogenesis begins during female

embryonic development

Precursor egg cells called ___ undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes

oogonia

Oogonia form oocytes in ___ (mitosis/meiosis)

mitosis

Primary oocytes begin meiosis but remain in ___ (phase of meiosis) until puberty

prophase I

Before birth, primary oocytes reside within a small ___

follicle

Before birth, follicles are composed of ___ cells

granulosa

During puberty, the follicle reaches a ___ state

mature

What triggers the selected primary oocyte to become a secondary oocyte + polar body

ovulation

The secondary oocyte remains at ___ (phase of meiosis) until fertilation

metaphase II

The follicle ruptures during

ovulation

If an ovulated egg is fertilized by sperm, the egg will complete the remainder of

meiosis II

After ovulation, the follicle will develop into the

corpus luteum

If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum will secrete ___ and ___

estrogen and progesterone

If an egg is fertilized, the uterine lining is ___ (maintained/degenerated)

maintained

If an egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum is degenerated into the

corpus albicans

Spermatogenesis begins at ___ in the ___ of the testes

puberty, seminiferous tubules

The product of spermatogenesis is ___ (#) ___ (name)

4 spermatids

Spermatids continue anatomic developement to become

spermatozoa

Spermatozoa are released from the walls of the seminiferous tubules and swept into the ___ for final maturation

epididymis

Spermatozoa become fully motile in the

epididymis

The structurally mature sperm specialized in delivering the male genome to the egg

spermatozoa

Spermatozoa have a tail made out of ___ for whip like motion

flagellum

The midpiece of spermatozoa are heavily packed with ___ in a spiral

mitochondria

The spermatozoa nucleus is haploid with ___ chromosomes

23

The head of spermatozoa is called the

acrosome

The acrosome of spermatozoa is filled with ___ enzymes to penetrate the egg

hydrolytic

The functional maturation for mammalian sperm within the vagina

capacitation

Testosterone injections ___ (increase/decrease) muscle mass and estrogen

increase

Testosterone injections ___ (increase/decrease) spermatogenesis

decrease

Testosterone injections ___ (increase/decrease) endogenous testosterone production

decrease

Testosterone injections ___ (increase/decrease) the size of the testis

decrease

Hormone levels affect two female reproductive cycles in parallel: ___ cycle and the ___ cycle

ovarian, uterine

Ovulation occurs at day

14

List the three phases of the ovarian cycle

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

The following occurs at what phase of the ovarian cycle: development of egg, secretion of estrogen from follicle

follicular phase

The following occurs at what phase of the ovarian cycle: midcycle release of egg

ovulation

The following occurs at what phase of the ovarian cycle: secretion of estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum

luteal phase

What pituitary hormone is particularly high right before ovulation

LH

The hypothalamus releases ___ so that the anterior pituitary can release FSH and LH

GnRH

FSH stimulates the follicle to secrete

estrogen

FSH has a ___ feedback effect

negative

Estrogen has a ___ feedback effect

positive

Estrogen levels peak to trigger the ___ surge

LH

LH surge leads to an increased ___ production and ultimately ___

progesterone, ovulation

After ovulation, the egg is released and the remaining follicle develops into the

corpus luteum

The corpus luteum increases levels of

progesterone and estrogen

Progesterone has a ___ feedback effect

negative

Progesterone ___ LH and FSH

suppresses

Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the development of the

endometrium

The endometrium develops (thickens) in preparation for the implantation of a

fertilized egg

If implantation occurs, a ___ will start to form due to embryo embedding in the uterus

placenta

The placenta will secrete what hormone

hCG

The hCG will maintain the ___ so that it can continue its release of estrogen and progesterone to keep the endometrium in tact

corpus luteum

The hCG will eventually be released by ___ from the placenta and the ___ will no longer be needed

progesterone, corpus luteum

The peptide hormone detectable by pregnancy tests

hCG