Chemistry 1.1 - 1.4

Element

Cannot be broken down, One atom

Compound

2 or more atoms, chemically joined

Ar

Mass of element

Mr

Mass of compound

Percentage composition

Ar/mr x 100

Moles

Mass/ molar mass

Empirical formula

Symbols, mass, ar, mass/ar, divide by smallest

Isotope

Different number of neutrons

Mass number

Protons and neutrons

Atomic number

Number of protons

Electron number

Same as protons

Number of neutrons

Atomic mass - protons

Ways to separate mixtures

Distillation, evaporation, chromatography, filtration

Rf number

Distance traveled by pigment/ distance by solvent

Top number on element

Mass number

Bottom number on element

Atomic number

Ion

Charged particle, different number of protons or electrons

Positive ion

More protons than electrons

Negative ion

More electrons than protons

Metals

Shiny, good conductors, dense

Non metals

Dull, poor conductors, low density

Metalloid

Has properties of metals and non metals

Group 1 properties

Conducts heat, shiny, soft, low density

Group 1 reactivity

Increase going down the group

Li reaction with water

Fizz, float, move

Na reaction with water

Fizz, float, move, melt

K reaction with water

Fizz, float, move, melt, burn

Group 7 properties

Poor conductors, low melting/ boiling point, low density

Group 7 reactivity

Reactivity decrease as you go down

Group 7 safety

Use a fume cupboard

Use of chlorine

Water supplies, swimming pools, bleaches

Use of iodine

Plasters and sterilising sprays

Group 1

Alkali metals

Group 7

Halogens

Pure water boiling point

100 degrees

Stages of treating water

Sedimentation, filtration, chlorination

Reasons for water shortage

Increasing population, expanding industry, climate change

Desalination

Removal of salt from seawater

Hard water

Dissolved ions (ca2+) (mg2+)

Test for water hardness

Soap lather test

Temporary hard water

Calcium hydrogen carbonate

Removing hardness in temporary hard water

Boiling

Remove hardness in permanent hard water

Washing soda

Ion exchange column

Calcium or magnesium ion changed for 2 sodium ions

Solution

Solid dissolved in a liquid

Solute

Solid getting dissolved

Solvent

Liquid dissolving solid

Saturated

No more solid can dissolve

Evidence for continental drift

Jigsaw shapes, fossils, rocks

Conservative plate boundaries

Slide past eachother

Destructive plate boundaries

Move towards eachother

Constructive plate boundary

Move apart from eachother

Maintaining balance of co2

Combustion, respiration, photosynthesis

Seperating gasses

Fractional distillation

Identify oxygen

Relight splint

Identify hydrogen

Pop test

Identify carbon dioxide

Limewater turns milky

Acid rain formed

Surfer dioxide from fossil fuels in contact with water in the atmosphere

Effects of acid rain

Kills fish, damage forests, damage limestone

Alfred wegener

First said idea of continental drift