HISTORY PAPER 2 BIBLE

all history paper 2 essay plans. broken down.

T10 (factors) - Conditions in which AS Emerged

• Social Divisons

• Weakness of Political Systems

• Economic Factors

• Impact of War

T10 (essay plan) - Conditions in which AS Emerged

• Social Divisions

CUBA

• Large division between rich and poor

• Oriente vs European province (rich, economically booming)

• 70% of rural population lived in poverty

• Lack of access to social services → rural illiteracy was 41%, compared to 11% in urban areas.

• 44% of rural children never attended school.

GERMANY

• Hyperinflation (1923) → wiped out savings of middle class. destroyed faith in democracy.

• Spartacist Uprising (1919) → 100,000 workers strike in Berlin. Aimed for Germany run by working class

• Top 1% owned 50% of wealth.

• Women working in workforce was 1.7 million, many as white-collar employees.

• Weakness of Political Systems

CUBA

• Fulgencio Batista seized power through military in 1952

• Ended democratic era and constitution.

• Favoured U.S economic interests → U.S owned 40% of sugar lands and 90% mines.

• Cancelled elections → 1954 & 1958 elections, sole candidates.

GERMANY

Weakness of Weimar Republic (1920s)

• 9 different coalition governments in 4 years (no stability)

• 75% of vote in 1919 to 43% vote in 1920. 1 year! → extremist parties uprising for both left and right

• Angry at politicians who signed the war-guilt clause (TOV)

• Allowed Nazi part to jump from 2.6% in 1928 to 37% in 1932 (4 years)

• Economic Factors

CUBA

• Foreign owned industry 2/3, elite owned everything

• Over reliance on the single-industry (3/5 of work force & 1/4 of all exports) 75% to U.S, hence reliance.

GERMANY

• 1921 Treaty of Versailles, added 50 billion in reparations

• Hyperinflation in 1923, increased 322% monthly products

• Wages fell by 39% from 1929

• Unemployment rose from 2 million to 6 million in 4 years.

• 10,000 businesses closed annually

• Impact of War

CUBA

• 20% of national budget on military after 1952

• 1954 Guatemala Coup (CIA backed) → Che Guevara witnessed, decided no want U.S imperialist intervention, influenced Castro

GERMANY

• WW1, suffered 3 million deaths. 19% of male population killed

• TOV forced to pay $33 billion reparations. cripped recovery. Hatred towards Weimar for signing.

• Surrender 13% of Euro + overseas territory

• 1/3 German’s unemployed.

T10 (factors) - Methods to Esablish AS

• charasmatic leadership

• ideology

• use of force

• propaganda

T10 (essay plan) - Methods to AS Establish

• Charismatic Leadership

CUBA

• History will absolve me speech (1953) → 4 hour defence plea, used his own trial as political platform to expose government corruption under Batista + lay out manifesto for Cuban revolution.

• Highlighted struggles, poverty, unemployment, inequitable access to healthcare and education.

• Five revolutionary laws (1953) → (during his speech). Agrarian reform, industrial profit sharing, sugar worker rights, anti-corruption.

• Basically told Cuban what they wanted to hear, about solving their problems.

GERMANY

• Fuhrerprinzhip (leader principle) → Hitler's word was above all written law. All judicial branches were combined.

• 'Hitler Myth' concept by Joseph Goebbels → Hitler depicted as revolutionary leader, rescuing nation from humility. Positioned Hitler as standing above corruption.

• "man of the folk" characterisation, claimed to understand struggles of ordinary Germans.

• Waldenberg speech (1932) → condemned Weimar republic. Framed Nazi's as only force capable of rescuing country + restoring German greatness.  Told Germans what they wanted to hear.

• Ideology

CUBA

• Cubanismo (anti-imperialism) → Cuban sovereignty, self-determination, eradication of corruption.

• Sierra Mestra Manifesto (1957) → laid out ideological blueprint for Cuban revolution. Called for free, democratic elections + re-establishment of Constitution. Nationalist + Democratic desires, political freedom. 

GERMANY

• Mein Kampf Manifesto (1925) → 'Aryan' race myth, antisemitism, lebensraum (living space), totalitarianism. Rejected all forms of parliament, argued for anti-democratic state with dictator who help unlimited power.

•  Minority groups within society targeted by Nazi ideology: politics (who supported Weimar), communist, Jews, all those not of Aryan race.

• Use of Force

CUBA

• 26th July Movement (1953) → led 160 rebels to a surprise attack on the Moncada Barracks, attempting to distribute weapons to local population, broadcasting a call for uprising against Batista dictatorship. (fail)

• The Granma attack (1956) → 82 missionaries sailed from Mexico to Cuba, intended to spark Cuban revolution. Despite 60 rebels being killed, surviving 12 showed dictatorship could ultimately defeat a conventional regime

GERMANY

• Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1932) → Failed coup, attempted to overthrow Weimar republic, tried to use Munich as launchpad for national revolution. 20 people died, Hitler imprisoned. Allowed for Hitler portrayal as leader. Public sympathy.

• Altona Bloody Sunday (1932) → SA 7,000 marched through pro-communist neighbourhood. Lead to street-fight, 18 deaths. Wanted to assert Nazi dominance.

• Use of Force

CUBA

• Radio Rebelde (1958) → Founded by Che Guevara, broadcast propaganda… allowed for 7,000 guerrilleros to expand their rebels.

• Herbert Matthews + Fidel Castro (1957) → NY Times journalist in Sierra Maestra mountains, legitimised Castro's rebel movement + painting picture of Castro as defender, rather than a communist revolutionary.

• History will absolve me speech (1953) → 4 hour defence plea, used his own trial as political platform to expose government corruption under Batista + lay out manifesto for Cuban revolution.

GERMANY

• 'Work and bread' slogan (1930) → promised German relief from mass employment following 6 mil unemployment in great dep. Appealed to majority working class. Create jobs once elected.

• Der Sturmer (1923) → newspaper found by Julius Streicher. Targeting Jewish population. Shift mines of public. 7,000 copies a week read. Encouraged Hitler in election.

T10 (factors) - Consolidation of AS

• legal methods

• use of force

• charismatic leadership

• dissemination of propagnda

T10 (essay plan) - Consolidation of AS

(yet to do)

T10 (factors) - Maintenance of Power AS

• legal methods

• use of force

• charismatic leadership

• dissemination of propaganda

T10 (essay plan) - Maintenance of Power AS

• Legal Methods

CUBA

• Amendment of constitution (1976) → officially established socialist state, committed towards communist state. One-party.

• Agrarian law reform (1959) → foreign-owned assets redistributed domestically. Centralised economic resources, crippled financial independence of opposition groups. 

GERMANY

• Enabling Act (1933) → following Reichstag fire attack to gov, passed act as response, allowed Hitler to enact laws without consent of government. Banned political parties + governments.

• Nuremberg Laws (1935) → legally institutionalised Nazi party, created scapegoat to UNIFY German population. Jews stripped of citizenship, interracial marriage banned.

• Use of Force

CUBA

• 500 Batista officials killed (1959) → allowed him to maintain power without political opposition.

• 15,000 Cuban politicians (1965) → against Castro regime imprisoned. Maintained political significance through force.

• Cuban Communist Party (1965) → established, one party, eliminated opposition attempts. Solidified control.

GERMANY

• Night of Long Knives (1934) → SS  + SA executed 150 suspected opponents, within Nazi party + hundreds of arrests.

• Dachau opening (1933) → first concentration camp, imprisoned political opponents without trial. 50,000 opps! detained in camps.

• Mass atrocities (1933-45) → 6 million Jews killed, 5 million other civilians + minorities. Military units given 100 hostages per German soldier killed. Allowed enforcement of total COMPLIANCE, united followers under extremist ideology.

• Charismatic Leadership

CUBA

• UN General Assembly speech (1960) → 4.5 hours, remains longest speech ever given at UN. Consolidated domestic support for being against US imperialism.

• CCP Congress address (1986) → 7 hours. Solidified ideology and reforms. Reassert personal dominance over Cuban society. Marxism, bypassed Soviet-style institutions.

GERMANY

• Joseph Goebbels 'fuher myth' → built cult of personality, portrayed Hitler as heroic saviour of Germany. Man of the people, thwarted corruption. Unification of the state against minority.

• Economic miracle (1939) → unemployment dropped 6 million in 1933 to 34,000 by 1939. Allowed further domestic support + rally with him. Solidify fuher myth.

• Dissemination of Propaganda

CUBA

• Angola civil war mission (1975) → 36,000 troops spread Ideology + anti-colonial movements. Aid independence from Portugal

• Literacy campaign (1961) → 250,000 teachers. 35% to 5% in 1 year! Rural population rise of populus.

GERMANY

• Joseph Goebbels propaganda ministry (1939) → subsidised radios 70% German households owned. Nazi party controlled all media, broadcaster Hitler's speeches everywhere.

• Der Sturmer (1923-45) → Julius streicher. Targeted population, 500,000 copies printed daily by 1939. Jew scapegoat, unified German public against common 'enemy'.

T10 (factors) - Treatment of Opposition AS

(yet to do)

T10 (essay plan) - Treatment of Opposition AS

(yet to do)

T10 (factors) - Impact of Success/Failure of Foreign Policy AS

• economic/trade policy

• defence/military policy

• expansionism

T10 (essay plan) - Impact of Success/Failure of Foreign Policy AS

• Economic/trade policy

CUBA

• Soviet-Cuba Trade Policy (1960) → following U.S boycott (80% sugar exports). Allowed $100 million loan + 425,000 tonnes of sugar in that year to be exported.

• COMECON (1972) → joined Soviet-bock. Allowed trade amongst. Soviet oil for sugar. By 1980's, Cuba foreign trade 85% conducted with COMECON nations.

• Ultimately, failed once Soviet Union collapse in 1991. 80% of exports gone due to reliance on one bloc. GDP plunged 35%!!

GERMANY

• 'New Plan' (1934) → Bilateral trade agreements 'w' Romania + Latin America, pay with Reichsmark to attempt economic autarky (could only buy German goods), failure, still relied upon 1/3rd of raw materials + food + oil.

• Four Year Plan (1936) → Military increase + Autarky goal. GNI 5% to 23% in 5 years for military 6.4 billion Reichsmarks. Cut off imports, SEVERE shortages of raw materials + labour… Still imported, again 1/3rd of resources. War downfall (failed).

• Defence/military policy

CUBA

• Bay of Pigs (1961) → failed CIA operation. 1,500 Cuban exiles, directed by U.S to overthrow Castro's communist gov. Massive failure. Heightened tensions, yet still successful.

• BOP lead to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) → Castro aimed to transform Cuba into heavily militarised state, allied with Soviet Union 13-days, Kennedy shown 158 missiles in Cuba. Tense standoff allowed pledge for U.S to not invade Cuba… allowed maintenance of power. Solidified key CW actor + communist state.

GERMANY

• Conscription Rearmament (1935) → violated TOV (1919) raised army from 100,000 to 500,000. 1939, 950,000 soldiers, 8,250 aircraft.

• Rhineland Remilitarisation (1936) → sent 22,000 troops into demilitarised zone. Britain + France did not intervene. Massive success, not for the allies… Allowed for destruction of TOV. SUCCESS! Strengthened western border.

• Expansionism

CUBA

• Angola Intervention (1975) → sent 36,000 troops to help Marxist government win independence from Portugal. Pledged following 1901 independence.

• Joining Non-Aligned Movement (1961) → Grew from 25 to 93 since Cub joined. Castro leadership in (1979) → Addressed 93 states at Havana Summit, rallied independence for other states. FAILURE! Exposed complete dependency on Soviet Union, after failing to condemn SU invasion of Afghanistan (1979), lost major diplomatic influence after losing UN Security Council seat bc of this.

GERMANY

• Anschluss under Lebensraum (1938) → territory expansionism invading Austria. Rigged referendum of 99.7% approval. Added 7 million to population, allowed Austrian troops, critical resources, lebensraum.

• Invasion of Poland (1939) → Allowed for lebensraum + set up of concentration camps (short-term win) however, Britain + France declared war on Germany. Ultimately toppled the Nazi regime.

T10 (factors) - Aim and Impact of Domestic Policy AS

• economic

• political

• social

• cultural

T10 (essay plan) - Aim and Impact of Domestic Policy AS

• Economic

CUBA

• Agrarian Reform Law (1959) → AIM: eradicate rural poverty, redistribute land, economic sovereignty. IMPACT: 40% of arable land taken from wealthy landholders + foreign corps then redistributed to 100,000 tenant farmers + workers. Also abolished rent for poorest rural workers!

• 10-million ton sugar harvest (1970) → AIM: maximise exports to Soviets + pay off foreign debt, especially to the Soviets. Earnings to buy heavy machinery. Industrialise economy! IMPACT: Only reached 8.5 million, mobilised entire country, diverted from their regular jobs, damage to other economic sectors (5% drop) + Cuba become reliant on Soviet subsidies for very long time…

GERMANY

• New Plan (1934) → AIM: end dependency on foreign loans + autarky goal IMPACT: war production 5 billion - 30 billion marks. 6 million - practically 0 unemployment by 1936 (mobilised pop.) Still struggled to produce rubber + oil. Hence lead to… FYP!

• Four Year Plan (1936) → AIM: Military increase + Autarky goal. IMPACT: GNI 5% to 23% in 5 years for military 6.4 billion Reichsmarks. Cut off imports - SEVERE shortages of raw materials + labour… Still imported, again 1/3rd of resources. War downfall (failed).

• Political

CUBA

• Establish one-party state (1959) → AIM: remove potential political rivals, establish complete control + consolidate. IMPACT: cancelled 1959 elections.

• Committees for Defence of the Revolution (CDR) (1960) → AIM: 500,000 members by 1961, political surveillance, mass mobilisation. IMPACT: Grew to 3/4 of Cuban population (8 million). Those who not affiliated - everyday actions were logged, regime security.

GERMANY

• Enabling Act (1933) → AIM: abolish other political parties IMPACT: replaced state officials with Nazi officials. All parties banned, Germany thus one-state party.

• Hitler Youth → AIM: mobilise youth in prep for war IMPACT: By 1936, 4 million youth. By 1939, 82% of youth population members!

• Law Against Formation of New Parties (1933) → AIM: establish Nazi part as ONLY legal party IMPACT: 100% non-Nazi parties banned. 200,000 political detainees. 3,000 Social Democratic Party arrested.

• Social

CUBA

• Literacy campaign (1961) →  AIM: eliminate urban-rural education divide + raise basic education IMPACT: 250,000 teachers. 35% to 5% in 1 year! Rural population rise of populus.

• Unified Healthcare (1961) → AIM: provide free, universal healthcare + prioritise rural areas. IMPACT: life expectancy 63 -> 72 in 20 years. Institutional births in rural areas increased 93% to 97%, much higher in rural areas.

GERMANY

• Reduction of Unemployment Law (1933) → AIM: reduce female employment, boost Aryan birth rate. IMPACT: interest-free marriage loans (1,000 reichsmarks), abortion restricted.

• Reich Citizenship Law (1935) → AIM: remove Jewish from citizenship + remove political rights, solidify Aryan race. IMPACT: 50% of Germany Jewish population emigrated in 5 years. 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses to 9,000 (in 5 years).

• Cross of Honour Mother (1938) → bronze 4-5 children, silver 6-7 children, gold 8+ children!! Pure German blood only.

T10 (factors) - Impact of Policy on Women + Minorities AS

• women

CUBA:

• afro-cubans

• LGBTQ+

GERMANY:

• Jewish people

• Disabled

T10 (essay plan) - Impact of Policy on Women + Minorities AS

• Women

CUBA

• Federation of Cuban Women (1960) → AIM: hello IMPACT:

• Family Code (1975) → AIM: legally mandated men to share 50% of domestic chores! IMPACT:

GERMANY

Why? Return to conservative social structures under Nazism. Aryan race needed to be protected + increased.
IMPACT

• Law of Encouragement of Marriage (1933) → interest-free loan 1,000 reichsmarks. Birth rose 500,000 to 750,000 in 2 years!!

• Judicial Civil Service Bans (1934) → barred all women from working in judicial positions e.g. law, judge. Restricted female university enrolment (10% of total students only)

• Lebensborn Program (1935) → racially pure women paired with SS officers (must father 4 children). 42% married couples marriage loans.

• Jewish People (GERMANY ONLY)

• WHY?

  Belief German Jews were responsible for the WW1 defeat, painted as 'Christ Killers'. Desperation for working class, more jobs if Jewish people were 'gone'.
  IMPACT

  November 1938-November 1939 → expelled from education, restricted freedom of movement, ghetto's established in Poland.

  1940 Auschwitz camp opens → 1 million people there alone.

  6 million deaths during WW2, 2 million in mass shootings.

• Afro-Cubans (CUBA ONLY)

Anti-Discrimination Campaign (1959) → IMPACT: all public spaces allowed integration.

• Disabilities (GERMANY ONLY)

WHY?

Threat to pure Aryan race. "survival of the fittest" motto, believed eliminating the weak would strengthen German population. Reduce economic burden.
IMPACT

Prevention of Offspring 'w' Hereditary Diseases (1933) → 400,000 sterilised

1939 T4 Program → euthanasia of 200,000 - 300,000 people killed, cremated.

1941 shutdown of T4 program (Catholic church protests) → 200,000 disabled people still murdered in 3 years before end of war.

• LGBTQ+ (CUBA ONLY)

(yet to do)

T10 (factors) - Authoritarian Control Acievement Extent AS

• economic

• political

• social

T10 (essay plan) - Authoritarian Control Acievement Extent AS

(yet to do)

T11 (factors) - Breakdown of Grand Alliance + Emergence of Rivalry

• role of ideology

• fear & aggression

• economic interests

T11 (essay plan) - Breakdown of Grand Alliance + Emergence of Rivalry

• Role of Ideology

U.S

• U.S capitalist democracy collective security, USSR expand ideology, secure borders, create buffer zone.

• Tehran (1943) → plan Nazi Germany, discuss post-war Europe. Stalin demanded buffer zone, western leaders became concerned. Ideological differences in goals. 

• Churchill Iron Curtain Speech (1946) "iron curtain descended across the continent" → intent to spread communism.

SOVIET UNION

• Salami Tactics in Eastern Europe (1945 onwards) → desire to spread communism in Europe. Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria. 50,000 Polish political opps exiled to Siberia.

• Stalin argued states were needed as buffer zone after 27 million Soviet deaths in WW2.

• Fear and Aggression

U.S

• KL Telegram (1946) to U.S from Moscow → Soviet aggression and expansion aims. Paranoia, recommended containment.

• Truman Doctrine (1947) $400 million to G&T → prevent communist expansion. Marked end of U.S isolationism.

• U.S produced 50% global industrial output. Soviet fear of dominance

SOVIET UNION

• Novikov Telegram (1946) → Argued U.S imperialist, expansion plans being implemented

• Cominform (1947) direct result from Truman Doctrine → prevent Eastern European countries from accepting aid.

• Czech Coup (1948) → 12 non-communist resigned, communist takeover, single-party election. Last state in Eastern Europe fell.

• Economic Interests

U.S

• Marshall Plan (1947/8) $13 billion, 17 west nations (strong economic + trade front in U.S) → prevent post-war economic collapse. 70% aid funds distributed must be spent on American goods. Guarantee export market. GDP grew 20% in 5 years.

SOVIET UNION

• Molotov Plan (1947) → separate trade agreements w Union + individual satellite state. USSR provide raw minerals, in return for manufactured goods + industrial equipment.

• COMECON (1949) response to Marshall → promote industrialisation among members + foster cooperation economically (Poland, Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Romania)

T11 (factors) - Role of Superpower Relations

• containmennt

• peaceful co-existence

• soviet-soviet/Sino-US relations

• detente

T11 (essay plan) - Role of Superpower Relations

(yet to do)

T11 (factors) - Reasons for the End of the Cold War

• ideological challenges

• economic problems

• confrontation/reconciliation

• arms race

T11 (essay plan) - Reasons for the End of the Cold War

• Ideological Challenges

GORBACHEV

• Glasnost policy (1985) → allow public open criticism of Stalin crimes and corruption of Communist party. Collapse of ideological belief in Marxism-Leninism/communist party.

• Sinatra Doctrine (1989) → allowed Eastern Satellite states do determine own internal affairs, without Soviet intervention to preserve communist regimes.

Ideology collapsed rapidly, once repression was lifted.

• Economic Problems

GORBACHEV

• USSR GDP → 15-25% of GDP on defence, compared to 6% of U.S budget. Not helping situation domestically…

• Oil drop → $66 in 1980 to $20 in 6 years. Crippled finances

• Industrial output declines due to unhappy workers GNP plummeted to 2.6%

• GDP plummeted by more than 20% by 1989.

• Confrontation/Reconciliation

SOME REGAN, MOST BOTH

• Strategic Defence Initiative (1983) → $30 billion spent in order to protect U.S from Soviet nuclear missiles. USSR viewed SDI as severe threat that may trigger arms race

• Reykjavik Summit (1986) → discussed nuclear disarmament talks. FAILED due to Regan not wanting to abandon SDI. Reagan no longer perceived USSR as "evil empire".

• INF Treaty (1987) → eliminated ground missiles. Reduces, not limited. Reconciliation!

• Arms Race

REGAN

• Regan military buildup (1980s) (not nuclear) → defence spending +13% in 1982

• +70,000 missile warheads by both Soviet + U.S by 1989

• USSR GDP → 25% to just building arms, instead of domestic aid vs 6% for U.S

• U.S spent $11 trillion on nuclear program throughout CW

T11 (factors) - Impact of 2 Leaders on CW Course

• eastern europe security

• control over Berlin

• nuclear development

T11 (essay plan) - Impact of 2 Leaders on CW Course

• Eastern Europe Security

STALIN

• Salami Tactics in Eastern Europe (1945 onwards) → desire to spread communism in Europe. Secured political control over Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia. 50,000 Polish political opps exiled to Siberia.

• Cominform (1947) → Response to Marshall Plan, tighten security over satellite states + oppose Western influence. 9 founding members.

TRUMAN

• Truman Doctrine (1947) → $400 million to Greece & Turkey - fight against communist insurgencies.

• Marshall Plan (1947/8) → Sec of State under Truman. $13 billion economic aid to Eastern European countries to war-torn Europe. Forced USSR to say to satellite states, decline aid.

• Control over Berlin

STALIN

• Berlin Blockade (1948/9) → push Western Allies out by cutting off all access to East Berlin. 2.5 million civilians without supplies.

• Berlin blockade solidified Iron Curtain around Europe. Dividing Germany.

TRUMAN

• Deutsche Mark introduction (1948) → establish control over West Berlin and stabilise economy to prevent Soviet influence.

• Berlin Airlift (1948) → drove 2.3 million tons of supplies over 11 months, until Stalin lifted blockade in 1949. Solidified permanent division of Germany.

• Nuclear Development

STALIN

Atomic Bomb Developed (1949) → Secretly detonated 22 kilotons in Kazakhstan (test). Wanted to match U.S capabilities. Established USSR as competitive 'superpower'.

TRUMAN

• Hydrogen Bomb (1950) → After Soviet test, Truman announced "superbomb" development. Effectively accelerated the arms raced. 1,000 times greater than bombs dropped on Japan.

• Supported by NSC-68 (1950) → rapid + massive build-up of nuclear weapons policy.

T11 (factors) - Economic, Social, Cultural Impact of CW

• economic

• social

• cultural

T11 (essay plan) - Economic, Social, Cultural Impact of CW

• Economic

SOVIET UNION

• USSR GDP → 15-25% of GDP on defence, compared to 6% of U.S budget. Not helping situation domestically…

• Perestroika (1987)  → aimed to restructure economy. Led to total economic collapse (details below)

• Oil drop → $66 in 1980 to $20 in 6 years. Crippled finances

• GDP plummeted by more than 20% by 1989.

U.S

• U.S GDP budget on defence (1968) → Defence budgets in trillions, had consumed 10%-15% of the GDP during 60's e.g. Vietnam War - totalled US $168 billion.

• Defenced initiatives (1960) → defence-related industries employed 3.5 million Americans.

• Social

SOVIET UNION

• Afghanistan War (1979) → 15,000 Soviet soldiers killed, 40,000 injured. Growing public dissatisfaction + distrust of government.

• Glasnost (1985) → 30,000 political prisoners released, weakened confidence in Communist rule.

U.S

• McCarthyism (1950s) → Senator Joseph McCarthy, ruined lives from accusation of communist sympathy. 3 million employees screened, 12,000 American lost jobs, including teachers.

• Hollywood Blacklist (1947) → Un-American Activities Committee targeted entertainment industry. 300 actors/directors blacklisted/banned.

• Cultural

SOVIET UNION

• Zhdanov Doctrine (1946) → strict control over literature + sciences. Eradicate Western influence. 3,000 Biologist fired. 200 leaders executed.

• Under Khrushchev (1959) → 10,000 churches closed.

U.S

• Sputnik Education (1958) → Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 sparked panic. $1 billion into higher education to fund science, maths, language. Only to add to U.S technological supremacy.