Physio quiz 1

wearing on 8/25 (tuesday)

blue shirt+watch and khaki shorts

what is physiology?

• The basic thing: how an organism accomplishes its minute-by-minute, day-by-day life

(How an organism accomplishes actions; we largely focus on humans, but not always)

• ex., an ant's respiratory system is similar to our circulatory system, but not our respiratory system. These are examples used to reference back to human physiology

(HOW AN ORGANISM ACCOMPLISHES ACTIONS)

language of physiology

physiologese

purpose

why do we have a certain part of our physiology

mechanism

how is that accomplished

• Ion distributions

• Protein activities (e.g., structure, enzymes) - enzymes are gonna be huge for us

• Cell and system activities (e.g., RBC, renal)

mechanism example

EX: our body should be at 98.6 degrees fahrenheit. This maintains regardless of external weather. Instead of only focusing on how we accomplish this, we will ask why we dont function similar to lizards and such with our body temperature. 

Our current environment can contradict our physiology. Our body loves salt but now a lot of people have too much, this didn't exist when our physiology got set up

wearing on 8/26 (wednesday)

Red striped OSU polo + grey shorts; noted she is NOT a morning person

1. Our currency to pay for activities 

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a shared form of energy across species (That's our equivalent of dollar bills)

• ATP <-> ADP + Pi + energy

2. How we make the currency 

• Majority ATP made from glucose

• Glucose + O2 + ADP + Pi -> ATP + CO2 + H2O + heat

  • The leftover CO2 is deadly at high levels; CE3 addresses this

3. Transport a gas in water (CO2 hates being in water)

• CO2 + H2O <-> HCO3- + H+

• We’re changing the pH of our blood to solve transport issue (becomes more acidic bc addition of H+)

  • Acidity issue but necessary to clear CO2; we have a trade-off decision

4. Ideal Gas Law (liquids included)

• PV = nRT (pressure x volume = amount (#) x rate constant x temperature)

• We can apply it through things like pressure cooking, where you can isolate the volume and increase the temp (this is how we can apply this equation)

Homeostasis (Figure 1)

• Relatively stable maintenance of a body parameter 

• Wanted the term to change from homeostasis to dynamic constancy, due to the fact that there is inherent variability in the processes we label with homeostasis

  • This new name hasn't stuck because it's an oxymoron 

• Set point (SP)

• goal range (e.g., the 90mg/dL in figure 1)

  • Influences: genetics, biorhythms, environment

• Steady state (SS)

• maintaining at SP (e.g., the portions in Figure 1 maintaining 90mg/dL)

  • In ref to Figure 1, insulin largely contributes to maintaining SS

• H. control system (Homeostatic control systems)

• Interconnected components that work together to keep at SP 

• We can ALSO say: interconnected components that work together to maintain SS 

(Consequences via H. control system)

At SS, not changing but required energy (E)

• Not equilibrium (can only apply when nothing is changing AND energy is not being used; SS uses energy)

• Energy limited (only so many dollar bills we have, no debit/credit card to replace this loss), thus trade-offs!

(Consequences via H. control system)

• Disturbance (D) from SS (Troy gets shoved to demonstrate)

• Reactive -> response = feedback (responding to change after it has happened)

  • Response could be either negative (opposite of D/towards SS) or positive (continue with D/moves from SS) feedback

    • Negative (99%): follows homeostasis and returns to setpoint

    • Positive (Rare): follows the disturbance, doesn't return

      • We largely don’t understand positive feedback processes yet, but childbirth is an example of positive feedback

(Consequences via H. control system)

• Proactive -> preparation = feedforward (FF)

• No positive or negative, just FF

• Limits the degree of feedback required (saves energy, which is super great)

• Less energy (E) required overall

• Ex: your body will drop your glucose in anticipation of a large meal (feedforward) that will spike it; when you don’t deliver, you get hangry

wearing on 8/27 (thursday)

pink/green striped shirt + black shorts

Reflex template (arc)

• Stimulus -> X altered -> sensor/receptor -> integrating center (aka integrator) -> effector(s) -> compensatory response (change in physiology) -> X restored 

Detection

Internal AND External (As we move through, we will mostly discuss INTERNAL)

Integration

• Comparison to SP (Set Point) 

• Decision

• Adjustments only as needed 

Negative Feedback

Based on the reflex template, we are going through negative feedback (we’re trying to get back to where we want to be)

Feedforward

• The stimulus has not occurred in feedforward; it is anticipating that a change will occur in X

• Therefore, our starting point will be the integrating center; we will bypass both stimulus and sensor/receptor 

• The final step will rather be labeled X pre-altered

Biorythms (Figure 2)

• Pattern to the variation of a controlled variable (parameter) (With variations and fluctuations, these are repeatable patterns that happen daily)

  • Period (e.g., circadian)

    • All biorythms shown in Figure 2 are considered circadian rhythms

    • We actually run on a 22/23 hour clock, not 24 & a lunar cycle 

    • The moon provides significant light, especially during a full moon. The variations in light from the moon and its lunar cycle affect our biorhythms through the light cue (We’re more active when the moon is near full)

  • Phase (e.g., nocturnal)

    • Top and bottom on Figure 2 are both nocturnal 

  • Amplitude (e.g., high early)

    • In Figure 2, graph 2 is circadian, nocturnal, and high early 

• Biorythms are about being PROactive rather than REactive 

  • Being proactive means we focus on feedforward 

    • Means we need an internal trigger (clock) to be able to predict

      • Internal trigger = clock   environment 

  • Set up for survival = adaptation = genetic change 

  • Adjustable (limited) = acclimatization 

    • Clock reset (SP change) = environmental 

    • Use-based (e.g., going to Hawaii); NOT genetic change; individual change 

    • Usually reversible 

      • Exceptions are called developmental acclimatization (irreversible, new SP is maintained)

      • Called developmental bc most of the irreversible processes occur during developmental years where one path is chosen, and the rest are no longer available

Intercellular communication - direct (2 forms)

• Requires physical contact 

  • Gap junctions (figure 3 image 1, top left)

    • Short, narrow channels

  • Tunneling nanotubes (figure 4)

    • Longer, wider channels 

  • Juxtacrines (figure 3 image 3, top row)

    • Transient protein connections between membranes