ATDH- Biology

Sorting secretory and membrane proteins

What is the major function of the Golgi apparatus?

Viruses

Which might have an RNA genome?

shivering (to generate heat)

To maintain homeostasis, a drop in body temperature in a mammal is generally followed by

Transfer

Which type of RNA binds an amino acid and carries it to the ribosome?

Mutualism

Which condition is characterized by a symbiotic association between two species, without harm to either, but with some benefit to both symbionts?

Photosynthesis

What is the primary function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

Mitochondria

ATP production / Cellular Respiration

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Lysosomes

waste breakdown (contains digestive enzymes)

Cardiovascular System

you must trace a drop of blood through the heart. Know that the Right Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, passes it to the Right Ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium, then the Left Ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body via the aorta.

Nervous System

Understand how action potentials work (Sodium/Potassium pump) and the difference between the Sympathetic ("fight or flight") and Parasympathetic ("rest and digest") systems.

Mitosis

creates two identical somatic (body) cells

Meiosis

creates four unique sex cells (gametes)

Transcription

copies a DNA gene into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the nucleus (makes RNA from DNA)

Translation

uses that mRNA at a ribosome to build a chain of amino acids into a protein (eplaRmakes polypeptides from RNA)

Replacation

copies DNA for cell divison

Protein synthesis

If a cell is unable to produce ribosomes, which process is immediately affected?

Crenation

Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will undergo which process?

By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

How do enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction?

DNA → mRNA → Ribosome → Protein

During eukaryotic protein synthesis, which sequence represents the correct path of genetic information?

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

Deoxygenated blood returns to the human heart from systemic circulation through which structure first?

Cell Wall

Which bacterial structural component contains peptidoglycan and provides shape and protection against osmotic lysis?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the oral cavity, esophagus, and skin to protect against abrasion?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids and detoxifying metabolic by products?

Anaphase

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids pull apart to opposite poles of the cell?

Lack independent metabolic machinery and require a host cell to replicate.

Viruses are considered non-living biological entities primarily because they?

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible, tightly coiled chromosomes (sister chromatids joined at the centromere).

breaks down and disappears

metaphase

Chromosomes line up single-file along the middle (metaphase plate) of the cell

completely gone

telophase

Chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin to uncoil back into loose chromatin

Re-forms around each new set of chromosomes at both ends.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

If blood calcium levels drop below normal, which hormone is secreted to stimulate osteoclast activity and restore calcium homeostasis?

Influx of Na+ ions into the cell

During the depolarization phase of an action potential in a neuron, which ion movement primarily causes the rapid increase in membrane potential?

Nephron

What is the primary functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?

Capillaries

Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls and are the primary site for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange with tissues?

25%

Crossing Pp×Pp yields a genotypic ratio of 1PP:2Pp:1pp. Only the homozygous recessive genotype (pp) results in white flowers (1/4 or 25%).

In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p). If two heterozygous purple plants (Pp) are crossed, what percentage of the offspring is expected to have white flowers?

Homologous chromosome pairing and crossing over

Which event occurs during Meiosis I that contributes directly to genetic diversity in daughter cells?

Metabolism

Refers to all the metabolic pathways (series of chemical reactions) that are happening in a given organism

Gametocyte

eukaryotic germ cell that can either divide to form more gametocytes or produce gametes

cell membrane

Hold cellular components and are mainly composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

organelles

Cellular compartments enclosed by phospholipids bilateral (membrane bound)

Are located within the cytosol (aqueous intracellular fluid) and help make up the cytoplasm

Only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles

Nucleoid

Where prokaryotes keep their genetic material

nucleus

Primarily functions to protect and house DNA

DNA replication and translation occurs here

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Produces ATP for energy use through cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Found in plants and some protists

Carry out photosynthesis

Centrosomes

Organelles found in animal cells containing a pair of centrioles

Cytoskeleton

Provides structure and function within the cytoplasm

Microfilaments

Smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed of a double helix made of two actin filaments

Carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Come in forms of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

proteins

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

These atoms combine to form amino acids, which link together to build polypeptides

lipids

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Have long hydrocarbon tails that make them very hydrophobic

Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.

What occurs during alveolar gas exchange in the human respiratory system?