BSC-108 University of Alabama Exam 1

What is an organelle?

Organelles are a membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a eukaryotic cell.

List three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

prokaryotic are smaller/ simpler cells while, eukaryotic are larger and more complex cells.

prokaryotic organelles are not membrane bound, while, eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic are found in bacteria and archea and eukaryotic are found in prosiest, plants, fungi, and animals.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

protect the cell from its surroundings

Name three differences between animal and plant cells.

Plant cells have central voucules, while animals cells do not.

Plant cells have a cell walls, while while animals cells do not.

Plant cells have chloroplast, while while animals cells do not.

What are the two main components of the plasma membrane?

phospholipids

Proteins

What is the function of the nucleus?

To manufacture DNA

What is the function of ribosomes?

make proteins

How does DNA control the cell?

DNA is the code that tells the cell which types of proteins to make. It is then thse sad proteins that control and regulate cell growth, division, communication with other cells and most other cellular functions.

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Assembles proteins and lipids, and transports

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The golgi apparatus acts to process and package the macro molecules such as proteins and lipids

What is the function of the lysosomes?

The function of the lysosomes are to remove wast and destroy dead cells.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

To make food through photosynthesis, and contains chlorophyll

What is the function of the mitochondria?

produce ATP

What purpose does the cytoskeleton serve?

cytoskeleton gives a cell its shape, offers support, and facilitates movement.

What types of molecules form the cytoskeleton?

Cytoskelton are made up of a protein molecule called actin.

What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?

Potential energy is relative to its environment, it is stored energy in an object, while Kinetic energy is relative to other moving or stationary objects in its environment

State the principle of conservation of energy.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Is chemical energy considered kinetic or potential energy?

potential energy

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

What function does ATP serve inside cells?

It functions as the energy source for all cells

Describe energy coupling.

It is transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism, or it can also be the transfer of energy from exergonic process to endergonic process.

What is the function of an enzyme?

To aid in the speed of almost all chemical reactions that take place in the cells, specifically an example is digestion

What is a substrate?

The surface that an organism lives and grows on.

What is an active site?

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

What is diffusion?

The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient, that is movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

Give an example of diffusion.

Perfume sprayed in one part of the room that is then diffused to the other portions of the room.

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

If an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell?

It would rapidly gain water because osmosis would cause the water to move to the area with more solutes.

How does active transport differ from passive transport?

Passive transport does not require energy/ ATP, while active transport does require energy.

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis captures and brings particles into the cell membrane, while excoytosis release their contents outside of the cell.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element,

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

What is an ion?

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

How does a covalent bond differ from an ionic bond?

An ionic bond happens when an atom loses or gains electrons and become electrically charged. A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.

How is a polar molecule different from a nonpolar molecule?

A nonpolar molecule has one mnegative, and one positive end and stronger intermolecular forces of attraction, but a polar molecule has has a negative end and two positive ends.

List four life-supporting properties of water.

high specific heat capacity

Hydrogen bounding

Density

Polarity

Describe the pH scale.

A physical representation of the measurement of how basic or acid a substance is.

What purpose do buffers serve in biological fluids?

They help maintain the pH of the blood and other fluids in the body.

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

They are the primary source of dietary energy and raw materials for manufacturing other kinds of organic compounds.

What are the functions of lipids?

long term energy storage

What are the functions of proteins?

Provide support, provide amino acids for growth, help movement, help transport substances, help chemical reactions, and contraction

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

They store and express genetic information.

What is the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions?

Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule.

What are the monomers of proteins? Of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates monomers are monosaccharides, and proteins monomers are amino acids.

A protein must maintain its folded structure to function properly. What term describes the unfolding of a protein?

denaturation

What factors contribute to protein unfolding?

According to the text book an unfavorable change in temperature, pH and other factors can cause protein to unfold.

What is biology?

the scientific study of life

What criteria would you use to determine whether an object is alive or not?

Order, Cells, Growth and development, regulation, response to the environment, reproduction, and evolution

What are seven properties all living things have in common?

Order

Cells

Growth and Development

regulation

response to the environment

reproduction .

Evolution .

What are the 11 levels of biological organization?

Molecules and atoms

Organelles

cells

tissue

organs

organ systems

organisms

population

communities

ecosystems

biosphere

What is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life?

Cells

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What organisms does each domain include?

Archae- Methanosarcina barker, Bacteria- Haemophilus influenzae , Eukaraya- Yeast

Name a theory that unifies biology as a science.

The theory that unifies all biology

What is artificial selection?

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

What is natural selection?

A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce then are individuals that do not have those traits

Describe the basic steps in the scientific method.

Why the textbook explains that the scientific method is never as rigid as it was taught in the past, the basic steps are still generally the same. They are exploration, testing, communications, outcomes. Make an observation.

Ask a question.

Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.

Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.

Test the prediction.

Why are controls necessary in the scientific method?

In order to test that the differences in whatever one is studying between two or more groups is based only on the one studied variable.

What is a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation that a scientific process for a specific phenomenon has been observed., ans can be tested

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A theory is much broader in scope then an hypothesis. Theories are a comprehensive and well sustained explanation, while a hypothesis is more of a tentative explanation to specific phenomenon.

What is the purpose of a negative control group?

Negative control groups do not receive treatment and are compared to experimental groups that do receive treatment. They are used for a controlled comparison.

What is the purpose of a positive control group?

Positive control groups are expected to produce a positive result, they are also used for comparison, but are expected to give a result.

What are the four major groups of biological molecules?

1)Nucleic Acid 2)protein 3)Carbohydrates 4)lipids

What is a reducing sugar?

A sugar that can donate electrons to (or reduce) another chemical.

How do monosaccharides differ from disaccharides?

Disaccharides are made up of monosacchardies, which are simple sugers consistent of one unit.

What is a peptide bond?

bond between amino acids

Whichpart of the microscope is the flat platform where you place the slide?

stage

Imagine a microscope's ocular lenses havea magnification of 10X. What is the total magnification of a specimen if you use the 40X objectivelens?

400x

To which domain does Paramecium belong:

Eukarya

Which domain(s) contain prokaryotic cells?

Archea

Whichdomain(s) contain eukaryotic cells?

Eukarya

Which organelles or features are found only in plant cells?

central voucules, cell walls, and chloroplast.

Which organelles or features are found only in animal cells?

centrosomes, and lysosomes

What temperature is optimum for this enzyme?

37 degrees Celsius