Lecture 25: Vaccines and Immunity Introduction

_____________ was widely used and was the transferring of small amounts of material from smallpox sores to healthy people which resulted in a milder form of illness and lower mortality

variolation

The introduction of vaccines has led to the _____________ in the number of cases for several infectious diseases

decrease

A _____________ _____________ _____________ must be submitted before FDA review and ACIP review

biologics licensing application

Vaccines generate an _____________ _____________ in the absence of _____________

immune response; pathogen

Want to induce a _____________ and _____________ immune response that protects against pathogens

rapid; robust

Vaccines capitalize on the generation of _____________ _____________

immune memory

_____________ _____________ is sufficient when the _____________ period is long

immune memory; incubation

Immune memory may not be sufficient against _____________ _____________ pathogens and therefore may require _____________

rapidly invasive; boosters

_____________ _____________ _____________ contain attenuation

live attenuated vaccines

_____________ reduces virulence while maintaining immunogenicity

attenuation

_____________ _____________ inactivates or removes virulence genes by _____________ _____________ or _____________ _____________

rational attenuation; targeted mutations; gene deletion

Advantages of live attenuated vaccines is that the body does not differentiate between _____________ _____________and _____________ , replicates to produce a _____________ _____________ _____________, elicits a vigorous, _____________-_____________ immune response; only _____________ vaccine is required

attenuated microbe; wild-type; strong immune response; long-lasting; one

Disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines is that viruses can _____________ and _____________ to being _____________ and they can be shed via the _____________ _____________ which can be a health risk to _____________ individuals

mutate; revert; virulent; respiratory route; immunosuppressed

Killed whole organism vaccines are comprised of whole organisms killed by _____________ or _____________ means

physical; chemical

Advantages of killed whole organism vaccines is that they do not revert to _____________ state and pose _____________ health risk to immunosuppressed individuals

virulent; little

Disadvantages of killed whole organism vaccines is that they are weakly _____________ and require _____________

immunogenic; boosters

Toxoid vaccines are made up of _____________ _____________ _____________

modified bacterial exotoxins

Antibodies directed at _____________ neutralize _____________ before they reach the target cell

toxoid; exotoxins

Advantage of toxoid vaccines is that they are _____________

non-pathogenic

Disadvantage of toxoid vaccines is that they require _____________ _____________ to induce an immune response

large doses

What are antibiotics effective at neutralizing exotoxins?

they recognize linear epitopes and conformational epitopes

What do T cells recognize?

linear epitopes

What do antibodies recognize?

linear epitopes and conformational epitopes

Subunit vaccines are made up of _____________ molecules or critical _____________ necessary for protection against infection

antigenic; epitopes

Advantage of subunit vaccines is that it does not cause _____________ and has little risk for _____________ individuals

infections; immunocompromised

Virus-like particle vaccines are made up of particles constructed of _____________ _____________ that structurally _____________ the native virus but lack the _____________ _____________

viral proteins; mimic; viral genome

What can virus-like particle vaccines come in

nonenveloped or enveloped

Advantage of virus-like particles is that they are _____________

non-infectious

Disadvantages of virus-like particles is that they are less _____________ and there are challenges with _____________ and _____________

immunogenic; production; stability

Outer membrane vesicle vaccines contain _____________ bacterial outer membrane and antigen

gram-negative

Advantages of outer membrane vesicle vaccines is that they are _____________ antigen delivery and can elicit a _____________ _____________ _____________

versatile; broad immune response

Disadvantages of outer membrane vesicle vaccines is that there is potential _____________ and low _____________

toxicity; yield

Polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines contain _____________ _____________ _____________ for _____________ and _____________

major virulence factors; pneumococcus and pseudomonas

Disadvantage of polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines is limited _____________

usefulness

Polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharaide conjugate vaccines need to be _____________ to proteins to elicit _____________ _____________ and generation of _____________ _____________

conjugated; t-cell-dependent responses; immune memory

Viral vectored vaccines contain _____________ _____________ with altered _____________ to express the target pathogen or antigen

recombinant virus; genomes

Advantage of viral vectored vaccines is that it _____________ _____________ _____________

mimics natural infection

Disadvantage of viral vectored vaccines is _____________ _____________ to vectors that commonly cause infections in humans

pre-existing immunity

Nucleic acid vaccines consist of either _____________ or _____________ encoding the target antigen

DNA; RNA

Advantage of nucleic acid vaccines is that they are highly _____________

versatile

Disadvantages of nucleic acid vaccines is that they need to be delivered _____________ into the cells which requires _____________ _____________ _____________, _____________, or a _____________ _____________

directly; specific injection devices; electroporation; carrier molecule

T or F: a booster is given to increase antibodies to protective levels when a pathogen is rapidly invasive

T

_____________ or _____________ injection stimulates systemic immunity in the spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood; interrupts _____________ transmission; prevents the spread to _____________ organs

subcutaneous; intramuscular; person to person; crucial

_____________ administration stimulates local responses to microbes at points of entry into the body

mucosal

In mucosal administration, antigen-stimulated lymphocytes from initial site _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ conferring immunity at multiple mucosal sites

travel to other mucosal surfaces

Passive protection is the use of specific _____________ _____________ purified from immune donors to prevent _____________ of various viruses

neutralizing antibodies; transmission

_____________ _____________ is where the infection cannot spread in a population and susceptible individuals are indirectly protected by vaccinated individuals

herd immunity

Measles is _____________ _____________

highly contagious

R0 is the _____________ _____________ _____________

basic reproduction number

For example, with measles R0 = 12-18 which means what?

one person can infect 12-18 people

Measles is transmitted by _____________ of respiratory droplets, aerosols, and _____________ contact from infected secretions

inhalation; direct

_____________ _____________ are found on the cheeks and inside the mouth

koplik

MMR vaccine is a _____________ _____________ _____________ in combination with mumps and rubella

live attenuated vaccine

The MMR vaccine results in _____________ _____________

life-long immunity