Population Ecology and Evolutionary Concepts

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85 Terms

1

Population Ecology

Study of how populations interact with their environment. Includes birth, death rates, and immigration and emigration

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2

Population

Group of interbreeding organisms in a specific area.

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3

Birth Rate

Number of live births per 1,000 individuals per year.

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4

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.

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5

Immigration

Arrival of individuals into a population from elsewhere.

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6

Emigration

Departure of individuals from a population to another area.

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7

Arithmetic Growth

Constant addition of individuals over time.

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8

Exponential Growth

Growth rate accelerates with each generation.

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9

J-shaped Growth Curve

Graphical representation of exponential population growth.

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10

Population Growth Rate

Percentage of new individuals divided by time.

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11

Doubling Time

Time required for a population to double in size.

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12

Doubling Time Formula

Quick estimate: 70 divided by growth rate.

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13

Environmental Limitations

Factors like disease and predators affecting population growth.

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14

Net Number

Growth after accounting for losses like deaths.

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15

Growth Rate

(Birth + Immigration) - (Death + Emigration).

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16

Mortality

The incidence of death within a population.

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17

Exponential Growth Formula

Mathematical model for rapid population increase.

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18

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size an environment can sustain.

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19

Competition

Struggle between organisms for limited resources.

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20

Range of Tolerance

Limits for survival of a species.

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21

Environmental Resistance

Factors limiting population growth and reproduction.

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22

Logistic Growth

Growth pattern with resource limitations, S-shaped curve.

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23

Survivorship

Probability of survival at different life stages.

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24

Type 1 Survivorship

Most individuals die of old age.

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25

Type 2 Survivorship

Equal mortality rates across all ages.

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26

Type 3 Survivorship

Most individuals die young.

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27

Ecological Niche

Role and function of an organism in its ecosystem.

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28

Habitat

Physical environment where an organism lives.

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29

Adaptive Evolution

Species becoming better suited to their environment. Traits make organisms less suited for independent survival.

when several species evolve from a single ancestral species to occupy new niches

Evolution is not always slow and gradual

The trait is only as beneficial as its current environment

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30

Non-Adaptive Evolution

Changes in species not improving environmental fit. Evolution not driven by fitness advantages.

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31

Mutation

Source of genetic variation driving evolution. Random changes in DNA sequence.

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32

Artificial selection

Humans breed plants/animals for desired traits.

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33

Differential reproduction

Some individuals produce more offspring due to traits.

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34

Natural selection

Survival of individuals better suited to environment.

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35

Fitness (Biological)

Ability to produce viable offspring in evolution.

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36

Adaptations

Inherited traits enhancing survival and reproduction.

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37

Variation in traits

Differences in characteristics within a population.

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38

Heritable traits

Traits passed down through genetics.

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39

Competition for survival

Struggle among individuals for resources and reproduction.

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40

Directional selection

A type of natural selection favoring one extreme trait in a population.

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41

Stabilizing selection

A type of natural selection favors average traits in a population.

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42

Disruptive selection

A type of natural selection favoring extreme traits over average traits.

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43

Genetic drift

Random changes in trait frequency due to chance.

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44

Founder effect

Genetic drift from a small population subset.

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45

Adaptive radiation

Multiple species evolve from a single ancestor.

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46

Evolutionary pathways

Different routes species take due to isolation.

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47

Random evolution

Changes in traits not influenced by adaptation.

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48

Survival of the fittest

Individuals best at competition survive and reproduce.

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49

Population change

Alterations in species traits over generations.

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50

Productive isolation

Breeding barriers prevent interbreeding between species.

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51

Geographic isolation

Species separated by physical space.

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52

Temporal isolation

Species mate at different times.

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53

Behavioral isolation

Unique courtship behaviors prevent mating.

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54

Structural isolation

Different anatomical structures prevent reproduction.

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55

Hybrid sterility

Hybrids, like mules, are often sterile.

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56

Mass extinction

Rapid global extinction of species.

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57

Background extinction

Ongoing average extinction rate between mass events.

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58

Artificial selection

Humans selectively breed species for desired traits.

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59

Human impact on evolution

Humans influence species evolution and cause extinctions.

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60

Evolutionary divergence

Species evolve separately due to isolation.

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61

Breeding barriers

Factors preventing species from interbreeding.

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62

Sixth Major Extinction

Current extinction event possibly caused by humans.

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63

Pre-Agricultural Period

Begins approximately 100,000 years ago.

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64

Demographic Transition Model

Framework for understanding population changes over time.

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65

Pretransition Stage

High birth and death rates with limited resources.

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66

Age Structure

Distribution of individuals by age in a population.

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67

Age Structure Pyramid

Graphical representation of age distribution in populations.

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68

Exponential Growth

Population growth rate accelerates over time.

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69

Ecological Footprint

Land area required to support resource consumption.

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70

Biocapacity

Land area available to provide resources sustainably.

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71

Ecological Debtors

Populations with higher ecological footprints than biocapacity.

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72

Ecological Creditors

Populations with biocapacity exceeding their ecological footprint.

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73

Community Ecology

Study of interactions among organisms in a community.

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74

Competition

Interaction where species vie for the same resource.

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75

Exploitative Competition

Species consume shared resources without direct conflict.

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76

Interference Competition

Species actively deny each other access to resources.

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77

Interspecific Competition

Competition between different species for resources. Competition among individuals of the same species.

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78

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist.

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79

Ecological Niche

Role and position of an organism in its habitat.

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80

Fundamental Niche

Potential range of conditions for an organism's existence.

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81

Realized Niche

Actual conditions where an organism exists due to competition.

Think; what you grow up to do. Not everyone can be the president because of competition, so they settle.

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82

Niche Differentiation

Division of resources among species to reduce competition.

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83

Coevolution

Mutual evolutionary influence between two or more species.

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84

Arithmetic growth

population growth where population increases by the same amount over each time interval

The growth increases constantly over time; the same # individuals are added at each generation.

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85

Intraspecific Competition

Competition among individuals of the same species.

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