Developmental Psychology (45-48, 36, 50-54)

nature vs. nature

debate over whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving development/behavior

stability vs change

debate over whether personality traits remain through life or if they change

continuity vs. stages

debate over if development is gradual or in steps

temperament

a person's emotional reactivity and intensity, appears early and does not change

zygote

first stages of prenatal development, lasts about two weeks, rapid cell division

embryo

lasts about 6 weeks, organs develop, heart beats

fetus

begins at 9 weeks, can survive outside mother at 6 months, baby can hear sounds and respond to light

teratogens

harmful agents to the prenatal environment

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by heavy drinking in pregnancy, severe cases have facial disproportions

infant reflexes

rooting, sucking, grasping, swallowing, startle (Moro) and Babinsky (foot)

habituation

decreased responsiveness with increase stimulation

rooting

touching faces causes the baby to turn their head and open their mouth

sucking

touching mouth stimulates

moro startle reflex

flings legs and arms upwards

babinski foot reflex

stroking foot causes toes to fan and turn outwards

sequence of gross motor development - universal (but not ages)

sitting up, crawling, standing, walking

infant memory

age 3.5 hippocampus is ready

infantile amnesia

inability to remember early childhood events

brain development

3-6 frontal lobe development, 6-12 synaptic pruning, teens frontal lobe again

schema

concept or framwork that organises and interprets information

assimilation

creating new categories

accommodation

altering old categories

Piaget's COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

sensorimotor stage

2-birth, first cognitive development, infant used senses and motor abilities to interact with environment

preoperational stage

2-6, learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

object permanence

knowledge that an object exists when not in sight

egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone's else's eyes

centration

tendency for children to only focus on one feature of a object while ignoring other relevant features

conservation

ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change the objects nature

animism

the belief that inanimate objects have human feelings and intentions

concrete operations

7-12, think logically and use analogies for concrete events

formal operations 12-adulthood, abstract reasoning, hypotheticals

irreversibility

inability for a young child to mentally reverse an action

theory of mind

people's ideas about there own and other mental states, shows ages 4-5

Lev Vygotsky

emphasis on how the mind grows through language of social interaction, "zone of proximal development"

Autism Spectrum Disorder

appears in childhood, communication deficiencies, fixed interests and repetitive behaviors

critical periods

first few years of life

Harlow's monkey studies

rhesus monkeys separated from mother and kept with artificial mothers

Basic Trust

formed by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers, according to Erik Erikson

Insecure attachments

inconsistent relationship between parent and infant, in the future may cause angry anxious distressed or conflicting feelings, studied my mary ainsworth

Secure attachment

infants confidently explored environment, distressed when parents left

authoritarian parenting

conformity and obedience, rigid, little warmth

authoritative parenting

clear standards for behavior, responsive to needs and wishes, best results

permissive parenting

freedom, less enforced rules

Diana Baumrind 's Parenting styles

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive styles

Phonemes

smallest distinctive sound, b a t

Morphemes

smallest unit that carries meaning, bat s

Grammar

syntax are study or meaning in language and semantics is set of rules for combining words in a sentence

Stages

babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage (telegraphic) , phrases

babbling

4 months of random noise, restricted to homelangue at 10 months

one word stage

12 months, word learning starts at 18 months

two word stage

telegraphic speech that follows rules of syntax

Theories of language acquisition

nature (skinner) vs nurture (chomsky)

Nurture

Skinner, learning by imitation and reinforcement

Nature

Chomsky, " inborn universal grammar", structure in the left brain

Benjamin Whorf

"linguistic determinism", language conditions in the way a speaker thinks

Positive effects of mental imaging and rehearsal

increased performance

Experience and brain development

early experiences affect brain development, rats in enriched environments developed thicker cortices than those in impoverished environment

Pruning

unused connections and synapses die

Influence of parents and peers

parents impact beliefs, certain traits, interaction with authority, and obedience; peers impact 'culture', social interactions and behaviors, and cooperation

Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

preconventional

rewards and punishments are way of thinking

conventional

behavior is influenced by peers society and reputation

postconventional

chooses made by personal standards and reasons of ethics, willing to break the law for justice

Carol Gilligan

women do not score as high on Kohlberg's scale because ther focus mor eon relationships rather than laws and principles, different revisioning

Moral intuition

general respect to treat people fairly

Identity

sense of self

Social Identity

the answer of who am i?

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

Infancy - Mistrust vs Basic trust; Toddler - Doubt and shame vs Autonomy; Preschool-age - Guilt vs Initiative; School-age - Inferiority vs Industry; Adolescence - Identity confusion vs Identity; Young adulthood - Isolation vs Intimacy; Middle age - Stagnation vs Generativity; Older adulthood - Despair vs Integrity

intimacy (Erikson's definition)

ability to form close living relations, task for lte adolenses and early adulthood

Changing relationships with parents

parental influence decreases in adolescence

Emerging adulthood

the gap before full independence

James Marcia's 4 Identity Stages - diffusion (no commitment or exploration), foreclosure (no exploration, commitment), moratorium (no commitment, exploration), achievement (commitment and exploration)

puberty

the sexual maturation of an individual, 11 years for females, 13 for males

menarche

first menstrual period

primary sex characteristics

sex organs and genitalia

secondary sex characteristics

traits that develop during puberty

X & Y chromosomes

female is XX, male is XY, women only pass X chromosome

Testosterone

male sex hormone, still exists in females

spermarche

first event in male life leading to sexual maturity

Intersex

an individual who exhibits sexual characteristics of both sexes

STIs (STDs)

sexually transmitted infections, infections have not been developed to diseases

Sexual orientation

attractions towards certain genders

sexual orientation influences

older brothers, hypothalamus cell clusters, genetics

menopause

estrogen decline

longitudinal study

same people studied over time

cross-sectional studies

different ages are compared to one another

cohort- sequential research

follows certain groups of people of different ages over years

neurocognitive disorder

dementia

Alzheimer's Disease

lack of acetylcholine (ACH)

weakening immune system

goes away with age

Crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge or skills, builds with age

Fluid intelligence

speed for reasoning, decreases in the elderly

Recognition and recall

recognition stays the same, recall skills decline

Social issues in adulthood

divorce, empty nest syndrome, retirement, loss of mate

Kubler-Ross - Stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance