Neuro212 Exam 3

When we perceive another individual, their identifying features will lead us to place them in ______________ _____________________, a process that is thought to occur implicitly and automatically, and which is influenced by cultural norms, personal beliefs, and social attitudes.`

social categories

Ability to socially categories individuals has advantages:
1. Evolutionary advantage of _________________ strangers vs. kin.
2. _________________ behavior to adjust behavior in a way that pleases others.

recognizing, prosocial

Social categorization can lead to prejudice and unwarranted inferences.

True

Researchers are often interested in ___________ social categorization over a subject's conscious efforts to override their instincts and therefore try to measure ___________ biases.

automatic, implicit

The _____________ ________________ _______________ (IAT) can be used to assess implicit racial attitudes.

implicit association test

The IAT involves asking participants to categorize words as "good or bad" and faces as "white or black" in sequence through button click. The words are then paired with the faces, asking participants to choose "good/black face" or "bad/white face" and vice versa. If it takes a Caucasian person a longer time to respond to the "good/black face" condition, this could be a sign of __________ __________ ______________.

implicit race bias

Amygdala responses and startle reflex amplitudes in Caucasian subjects that viewed unfamiliar African American faces correlated _______________ with subjects' scores on the IAT.

positively

Subjects that have significant outgroup biases may make conscious efforts to overcome them and this is shown in fMRI scans with enhanced ________ _________ activity when participants viewed supraliminal outgroup faces but not subliminally presented outgroup faces (outgroup is an identity that is outside of one's own).

lateral PFC

Although a "mirror system" may be helpful for mental-state attributions, it is not sufficient because actions and mental states often do not _________________ directly to each other.

correspond

The ability to figure our what someone else is likely to think is known as what phenomenon?

Theory of Mind (ToM)

The crucial test to gauge someone's ToM ability is to see whether they can understand someone else's ____________ _____________.

false beliefs

In the Sally Anne Task, healthy children ages 3-4 will produce the correct response of saying that Sally will falsely believe the ball to be in the basket.

True

___________________ children have great difficulty with the Sally Anne Task.

autistic

ToM has also been demonstrated using chimps by showing that subordinate chimps will approach food that a dominant chimp _______________ see from their vantage point.

cannot

fMRI studies have shown that regions most commonly activated during ToM studies include the ______________-______________ _____________ (TPJ) and regions of the posterior and anterior ____________ ___________.

temporal-parietal junction, medial wall

The ________ TPJ plays a specific role in "mental state attribution" and possibly in "reorienting attention to relevant stimuli" (dual systems of attention)

right

The most basic speech sound units are called what?

phones

The percepts of phones are known as?

phonemes

Phones make up vowel and consonant speech which make up ________________ which make up words.

syllables

Speech comprehension solely relies on phonic analysis of different syllables or words.

False

After learning a language we perceive phonemes __________________ (we cannot tell minor gradations between phonemes).

categorically

Can young children tell all phonemes apart?

Yes

When it comes to the "ra" or "la" syllables, Native English speakers perceive ___ categories while Japanese speakers perceive only ____.

2, 1

What aspect of language is important to facilitate the understanding of the ambiguous nature of speech sounds?

context

Languages have these types of words with identical spelling but different meanings ("left" or "bank").

homonyms

Languages have these types of words that sound the same but have different spellings and different meanings ("flower" vs. "flour").

homophones

The McGurk effect is an example of the role of ______________ effects on speech comprehension.

contextual

The process by which one understands spoken language through matching auditory input against a stored phonological lexicon is known as?

lexical access

To understand language, the auditory stimulus (what we hear) must be tied to __________ and ___________ information.

semantic, syntactic

In the ______________ model of spoken word recognition, the listener starts to search through "groups" of possible matching words while processing the auditory input until a unique match is found (this is strongly biased by context and semantic associations).

cohort

Speech production and comprehension rely on associated ____________ _______________ that link concepts (semantics) to words and words to sounds (and motor system to produce sounds).

lexical networks

Which model of speech production assumes distinct network levels for concepts, words, and sounds? (lexame, lemma, and conceptual levels)

Levelt's model

The mental lexicon is __________________ structured which involves grouping words together that have similar meanings or relationships in contrast to words that are unrelated.

semantically

Language has a strong ________________ character. When asked to produce a second word from a 1st word cue, the second word is probably related.

associational

Language's associational character is possibly due to the neural basis of _______________ learning.

Hebbian

Lesion/neuroimaging studies demonstrate that different parts of the _______________ lobe support different categorically related semantic clusters within the mental lexicon.

temporal

Infants have an innate ability to _______________ and produce all phones/phonemes but will _______ this ability as they become exposed to an eventual 1 native language.

discriminate, lose

At what age to infants lose the ability to discriminate and produce all phones/phonemes?

1

Before what age can a child become fluent in a second language?

7

The period during which language acquisition is particularly efficient (lasts until age 10) and declines steadily thereafter is known as?

critical period

The case study of feral child "Genie" revealed that she could acquire _____________ but could not learn ________________.

vocabulary, grammar

Genie was locked in a room and strapped to a potty chair with no exposure to language. Could she still form rudimentary sentences, like "Applesauce buy store?"

Yes

Noam Chomsky proposed that children are born prepared to acquire a _________________ ________________ which is linked to some deep structure that is shared across all languages.

universal grammar

Noam Chomsky criticized Skinner for suggesting that language was a chain of __________________ _____________.

conditioned reflexes

Steven Pinker built upon Chomsky's universal grammar theory by stating that individuals have an innate, neural _________________ _________________ _______________ (LAD).

language acquisition device

The neural substrates of an LAD has been discovered in the human brain.

False

What side of the cerebral cortex is more specialized for language?

left

Lesions to the left posterior inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area) results in what condition?

Broca's aphasia

Broca's area is what anatomical portion of the brain?

left posterior inferior frontal cortex

Broca's aphasia significantly impacts an individual's speech __________________.

production

Is language comprehension in Broca's aphasia patients hindered?

No

Writing is limited in Broca's aphasia individuals.

True

Non-fluent aphasia is also known as?

Broca's aphasia

Wernicke's aphasia is known as fluent aphasia or also ______________ aphasia.

receptive

Wernicke's aphasia patients have a problem with speech __________________.

comprehension

Can patients with Wernicke's aphasia read or write?

No

Does Wernicke's area sit in front of or behind the primary sensory and motor cortices?

behind

Halting speech, tendency to repeat phrases, disordered syntax, disordered grammar, disordered structure of individual words, and intact comprehension are symptoms of what aphasia?

Broca's aphasia

Fluent speech, little spontaneous repetition, adequate syntax, contrived/inappropriate words, and non-intact comprehension are symptoms of what aphasia?

Wernicke's aphasia

A neurosurgical procedure led to "split-brain" patients by severing the connections between the brain hemispheres at the _______________ _______________.

corpus callosum

Split brain patients have allowed neuroscientists to study the __________________ of certain cognitive functions.

lateralization

What is the brain's largest fiber bundle?

corpus callosum

The corpus callosum is made up of white or gray matter?

white

The neuronal projections at the corpus callosum are ________________, meaning they connect homologous or corresponding areas in the 2 halves of the brain and ______________, meaning they connect different brain regions.

homotopic, heterotopic

In split-brain patients, the two cerebral hemispheres are ___________________.

disconnected

If a stimulus is shown to a split-brain patient in their left visual field, will they be able to name the stimulus?

No

If a stimulus is shown to a split-brain patient's left hemisphere, will the patient be able to name the stimiulus?

Yes

If a chicken is shown to a split-brain patient's left hemisphere and snow is shown to a patient's right hemisphere, the patient's left hand will be able to pick out which stimulus from a set of images?

snow

The right hemisphere lacks the ability to _______________ stimuli.

name

Gazzaniga and colleagues observed an "_______________" function of the left hemisphere (has the language ability). Even if the split-brain patient cannot explicitly name the stimuli shown to their right hemisphere, the patient will still try to fit in the stimulus semantically with what the ______ hemisphere observed.

interpretor, left

If an object is felt by the left hand of an individual with a split-brain, they will be able to describe the object.

False (they will have difficulty)

Split-brain research has shown that the right hemisphere can produce only _________________ speech but is important for ______________ (intonation of words).

rudimentary, prosody

In the EEG of individuals listening to a string of words, a contextually incongruous word will lead to what on the EEG?

N400

The _____________ of the N400 is correlated with the semantic incongruency of the word from preceding context (words that are more incongruent from context create larger amplitude N400s).

amplitude

Non-semantic changes in the presentation of verbal material does not influence N400, but instead causes a _______.

P560

Working memory is the __________________ ____________________ and ___________________ of information not currently available to the senses by necessary for achieving short-term behavioral objectives.

temporary maintenance, manipulation

Working memory is __________-lived lasting about _____ seconds with representations decaying or being replaced by new ones (interference).

short, 20

The capacity of working memory load is about ____ to ____ items. These items can be grouped into chunks which increases capacity.

4, 9

What is the ability to use internal goals and current contextual information to guide information processing and action selection, allowing us to override habitual responses when they are inappropriate?

executive control

Working memory allows us to maintain and update representations of current "rules of the game" and task-relevant stimuli which we can use to guide our _______________.

behavior

Alan Baddeley's model of working memory proposes 3 specialized and capacity-limited __________ ___________ and 1 __________ ____________ (central executive).

memory buffers, control system

The central executive of Baddeley's model of WM allocates ______________ to the buffers and performs manipulations on information held in the buffers.

attention

What are the three memory buffers of Baddeley's WM model? (P, E, V)

phonological, episodic, visuospatial

The phonological loop buffer of Baddeley's WM model holds what information?

language

The visuospatial sketchpad buffer of Baddeley's WM model holds what type of information?

visual semantics

The Baddeley model posits that the WM and LTM representations are _____________ from each other.

distinct

Each buffer of Baddeley's model has a rehearsal mechanism that can reactivate stored items, for example, the phonological loop uses __________________ ___________________.

articulatory rehearsal

Nelson Cowan's model of WM is different from Baddeley's in that is proposes that the WM and LTM rely on the ____________ memory representations.

same

In the Cowan model, there is/are ____ LTM store(s) where an unlimited number of items can be in an activated state (such as primed items).

1

The contents of WM in the Cowan model are determined by which of the items are within the _________ ___ __________ of the central executive.

focus of attention

In the Cowan model, the WM has an attentional capacity of holding up to ___ items at a time.

4

Is there an attentional capacity on the number activated items in the LTM in the Cowan model?

No

Examples of simple and effective measures of WM capacity include the _______ span and _______ span task.

digit, word

The three phases of WM performance include an ______________ phase, a _____________ phase, and a _______________ phase.

encoding, delay, response

The __________ ___________ _______ is a classic WM task that can distinguish between the phases of WM (for example, a monkey is asked to remember the location of a target on the screen before it disappears, wait for a couple seconds, then respond with the location of the target).

delayed response task

In this WM task, a participant is asked to maintain a load of stimuli and later indicate whether a probe stimulus was part of the remembered set.

delayed match-to-sample task

The advantage of using a delayed match-to-sample task is that it _____________ the WM encoding and maintenance from the response preparation processing by making the task not known to the subject until after the delay period.

dissociates

In this type of WM task, involves a participant indicating when the current stimulus matches the one from n steps earlier in the sequence.

n-back task

Although the n-back task cannot distinguish between different phases of the WM, it can assess the dynamic ___________ of WM content.

dynamic

C.F. Jacobsen discovered that the __________ __________ __________ is crucial for WM in the delayed-response task.

lateral prefrontal cortex