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DNA and RNA
Carry genetic information.
Genetic code
Shared by all living systems.
Gregor Mendel
Studied inheritance and created two laws that can be applied to the study of genetics.
Pea Plant Traits
Mendel only tracked characteristics that came in two distinct forms.
Examples of Pea Plant Traits
Color (purple or white), Seed shape (round or wrinkled).
True breeding
Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
Example of True Breeding
True breeding purple pea plants will only produce purple offspring with self-pollination.
P generation
True-breeding parental generation.
F1 generation
(First filial) hybrid offspring of P generation.
F2 generation
(Second filial) offspring of the F1 generation.
Punnett squares
Diagrams used to predict the allele combinations of offspring from a cross with known genetic compositions.
Dominant traits
Denoted by capital letters.
Recessive traits
Denoted by lower case letters.
Homozygous
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character.
Homozygous dominant
AA.
Homozygous recessive
aa.
Heterozygous
An organism has two different alleles for a gene.
Example of Heterozygous
Aa.
Genotype
The genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism.
Phenotype
An organism's appearance, which is determined by the genotype.
Testcross
Helps to determine if the dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Law of segregation
One of the two fundamental principles of heredity developed by Mendel.
Law of independent assortment
The second fundamental principle of heredity developed by Mendel.
Mendel's Model
Explains the 3:1 ratio observed in the F2 generation with four concepts.
Law of segregation
The two alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
Somatic cells
Cells that are diploid and contain two copies of each chromosome.
Alleles
Alternative versions of a gene.
True-breeding plants
Plants that have two identical alleles.
P generation
The generation that produces gametes containing one allele for flower color.
F1 generation
The generation that consists of all hybrids, represented as Pp.
F2 generation
The generation produced by crossing F1 hybrids, resulting in a 3:1 ratio.
Monohybrid crosses
A cross between the F1 hybrids.
Dihybrid crosses
A cross between F1 dihybrids.
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel's principle stating that genes for one trait are not inherited with genes of another trait.
Dihybrid cross
A cross between F1 dihybrids that produces a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Punnett square
A tool used to determine the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
Multiplication rule
The probability that two or more independent events will occur together in some specific combination. (ADD)
Addition rule
The probability that two or more mutually exclusive events will occur.(OR)
Pedigrees
Family trees that give a visual of inheritance patterns of particular traits.
Dominant traits
Traits that do not skip a generation and require at least one parent to have the trait.
X-linked traits
Traits where males are more commonly affected than females.
F1 hybrids
Offspring resulting from a cross between true-breeding plants.
Genotypes
The genetic constitution of an individual.
Phenotypes
The observable characteristics of an individual.
9:3:3:1 ratio
The phenotypic ratio produced from a dihybrid cross.
Mitochondria DNA inherited
our mothers (egg cell)
