Endocrine system

Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine signaling when described or illustrated

what is Endocrine signaling

a hormone that goes into the bloodstream and travel in some cases the entire length of the body to find its target cell

Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine signaling when described or illustrated

what is Endocrine signaling

a hormone that goes into the bloodstream and travel in some cases the entire length of the body to find its target cell

what is paracrine signaling

when the endocrine cell is close by the target cell

True or false: Synaptic and neuroendocrine signaling are hormones that is produce and secreted by a neutron

True

synaptic signaling

close interaction between the target call and the cell producing the hormone, the target cell may be another neutron or a muscle cell.

Neuroendocrine signaling

the target cell is far away from the neuron, so the neuron secretes the hormone into the bloodstream, and the hormone travels some distance to find its targets

what is cytoplasmic response

hormone that binds to receptors on the cell membrane (or in the cytoplasm) which triggers a signal inside the cell, often through a signaling pathway

what is genomic response

a hormone that binds to receptors inside the cell (often nuclear receptors), which then act as transcription factors to activate or repress specific genes. This changes the production of protein in the cell.

Water soluble hormones includes

peptides, proteins, and monoamines

Amines

can be fat soluble depending on their structure and the presence of -NH2 functional group (this makes amine water soluble)

explain the function of eater soluble hormones

Releases by exocytosis, the cell that is making those hormones stores them in the vesicles that are membrane bound, When the cell is ready to excrete those hormones, that vesicles has to merge with the cell membrane to exocytose or release its contents. The hormones then go into the bloodstream and dissolve in the blood plasma (because it is water soluble). 

Water soluble hormones do not have intracellular receptors because they’re not able to cross the plasma membrane, because the plasma membrane is made of fat and water cannot dissolve in lipids. Water soluble hormones attach to receptors outside of the cell, on the cell membrane, triggering a response inside the cell, without the hormone crossing the plasma membrane

Lipids soluble hormones include

steroids

explain how lipid soluble hormones work

The receptors on the target cell must be membrane bound because the water soluble hormone will not be able to cross the membrane. When the signal is received, either cytoplasmic response can be initiated or it can send a signal to nucleus to transcribe a gene to produce a protein.

They are released by diffusion, and they can cross the plasma membrane on their own. Once the lipid soluble hormones reach the blood plasma, they need to use a protein binding to help them stay within the blood because lipids cannot dissolve in blood.

 Explain the consequences of hormone solubility in water in terms of hormone function

water soluble hormones travel easily in the bloodstream (since blood is mostly water), these hormones are effective for quick, short-term control of body processes (like fight or flight response).

Fat soluble hormones usually affect gene expression, turning specific genes on or off, which can take longer (hours to days). Because they can't travel easily in the bloodstream on their own, they often need a carrier protein to move through the body

Pancreas (endocrine gland) hormones

insulin and glucogon

chemical class: proteins

Insulin lowers blood glucose level

Glucagon raises blood glucose level

insulin ad glucagon is regulated by the glucose in the blood

adrenal glands and adrenal medualla hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

hormones produced by the adrenal glands, specifically from the adrenal medulla. They are derived from amino acids and play crucial roles in the body's stress response, promoting fight or flight reactions.

epinephrine and norepinephrine raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels

they are regulated by the nervous system

chemical class: amine

insulin and glucagon

regulates glucose in blood and the chemical class are proteins

adrenal cortex ( gland) hormones

glucocorticoids and mineralocortioids

glucocorticoids and mineralocortioids chemical class

steriod

glucocorticoids

raises blood glucose levels and is regulated by ACTH

mineralocortioids

promates reabsorption of NA+ adn exceration of K+ in kidneys and is regulated by K+ in blood

gonads/ testes glands hormones

androgens

androgens

chemical class: steriods

support sprem formation’ promote development adn maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

regulated by FSH and LH

ovaries gland hormones

estogens and progesterones

estrogens

chemical class: steriods

stimulates uterine lining growth; promotes development adn maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

regulated by FSH and LH

progesteone

chemical class: steriods

promotes uterine lining growth

regulated by FSH and LH

hypothalamus gland hormones

hormones released by the posterior pituitary and homrones that regulate the anterior pituitary

pituitary gland hormones

oxytocin and antidiuretic

pituitary glands

posterior pituitary relases hormones made by the hypothalamus

oxytocin

chemical class: Peptide

stimulate contraction of uterus and mammary glands cells

Antidiuretic hromone (ADH)

chemcial class: peptides

promotes retention of water by kidneys

anterior pitutary hormones

growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH), and Adrenocortioctropic hromone (ACTH)

label the major tissues that secrete hormones on a diagram

pineal gland

melatonin

hypothamalmus

OXT and ADH stored in posterior pituitary relasing and inhbiting hormones to anterior pituitaary

pituitary gland

prolactin

posterior pituitary- OXT and ADH made in the hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary- Tropic and other hormones made locally

Pancreas

insulin and glucagon

testes

androgens- testosterone

found in both biological sexes

adrenal glands

Adrenal Medulla- epinephrine and noreponephrine

adrenal cortex- glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens (DHEA)

Parathyroid glands

parathyroid hormones

thyroid gland

thyroid hormones (T3,T4), calcitonin

draw and label a negative feedback loop for regulation of hormone levels and explain the general biological process regulated by such loops and give an example

The endocrine cell respond to low pH of food arriving from the stomach, the response cell is called S cells and they secrete secretin. The secretin travels in the bloodstream, reaches the pancreatic cells and makes bicarbonate to increase pH back to a normal range

draw and label a positive feedback loop for regulation of hormone levels and explain the general biological process regulated by such loops and give an example

an action can trigger the hypothalamus to secrete a hormone in the posterior pituitary gland that enters the blood stream and then reaches target cells in the mammary glands and the response is milk production. Once that response is produced, there’s positive feedback to stimulate the hypothalamus to release more oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. 

The posterior pituitary gland has neurons, the anterior pituitary gland does not.

what is a negative feedback loop

the effect of a hormone reduced the further stimulation of its own release. An external stimulus tells an endocrine gland to produce a hormone; once the hormone reaches its target cell, the target cell will inhibit the endocrine gland from continuing to produce that hormone.

what is a positive feedback loop

the effect of a hormone that leads to increased stimulation for its release. The endocrine gland it stimulated to produce a hormone, the hormone reaches its target tissue, the product of the target tissue is going to enhance that endocrine gland further to make more hormones

 Describe and label a general hypothalamus‐anterior pituitary‐target gland hormonal cascade

The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate the hypothalamus and inhibit the release of specific pituitary hormones. Some of these hormones act on the body directly. Other hormones are going to be involved in a cascade of signaling among different endocrine organs.

These hormones are called tropic because they stimulate the secretion of other hormones rather than acting on the body directly. 

Prolactin is an example of a hormone that acts on the body directly.

 Explain the role of hormone receptors in regulating hormone functions, and how variation in receptors and tissues can lead to different responses to the same hormone

If the liver cell receives epinephrine that has a beta receptor on the surface of it it will trigger glycogen deposit to transform into glucose and be secreted.

If a muscle cell receives epinephrine with a beta receptor, the muscle cell will be triggered to relax and the blood vessel will dilate, increasing flow to the skeletal muscle.

If a muscle cell receives epinephrine with an alpha receptor, the muscle will contract and the blood vessel with constrict, decreasing flow to the intestines. 

Illustrate the function, significance, and control of the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis.

Involves the adrenal gland which secretes stress hormones. 

A stressor (like a rollercoaster) stimulates the hypothalamus, anf that hyptothalamus stimulates the secretion of epinephrine directly.

The nerve signal travels through the spinal cord to the adrenal medually and that adrenal meduall is then going to secrete epinephrine.

Indirectly, the HPA at the hptohtamlus will stimulates the ACTH from the anterior pitutiatary. ACTH travel through the bloodstream to reach the adrenal cortex, the cortex secretes cortisol. HPA axis included the methods that goes pass the pituitary glands (ACTH) such as the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, blood vessel, adrenal cortex, and cortisol.

Adrenal medulla, spinal cord, nerve signals, and epinephrine goes to the adrenal gland and not the anterior pituitary.

What is an example of negative feedback homorone secretion? Why does it happen? Why does the product inhibit the endocrine gland from producing a hormone?

When the hormone (the product) reaches a certain level, the body doesn’t want to overproduce it because too much of the hormone can have harmful effects. So, the high levels of the hormone send a signal to the gland to stop producing more, keeping things in balance.

effects of epinephrine and norepinephrne

glycogen broken down to glucose, increases blood glucose

increases blood pressure

increased breathing rate

increased metabolic rate

change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity

effects of mineralcorticoids

retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys

increased blood volumes and blood pressure

effects of glucocorticoids

protein and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose

partial suppression of immune system

redirection of energy to survive