Biology Section 4 | Quizlet

What is respiration?

it is the process of transferring energy from glucose, this process happens in every living cell

What is the energy from respiration used for?

its used to make ATP

What is the function of ATP?

it stores the energy from the glucose, when a cell needs energy it gets broken down

What are two things the energy from glucose is transferd to?

- ATP
- heat

What are the two types of respiration?

aerobic and anaerobic

When does aerobic respiration happen?

when the cell has oxygen available

Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O +(energy)

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water +(energy)

opposite of photosynthesis

When does anaerobic respiration happen?

when the cell does not have oxygen

Describe an example of when anaerobic respiration happens.

when you exercise your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles. hence your muscle respire anaerobically

Is anaerobic respiration efficient or not?

it is not efficient

What happens to the glucose during anaerobic respiration?

it is partially broken down

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

glucose -> lactic acid +(energy)

Can plants and fungi respire without oxygen?

yes

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water

Whats the word equation for anerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + (energy)

Whats a use of anerobic respiration?

it is useful with yeast for baking

Describe the experiment to show that respiration makes carbon dioxide using plants?

- soak some beans in water so that they can germinate

-biol some beans to kill them, so they cant respire

- add each type of bean in sealed test tube with carbon dioxide indicator

- it goes from orange to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide

- leave the beans for a set amount of time, the germinating beans should have the indicator yellow

What is the carbon dioxide indicator used in the respiration experiments?

hydrogen carbonate indictor

When your running why do you become hot?

respiration produces a bit of heat along with the ATP

Describe the experiment to test how respiration produces heat?

- prepare a set of germinating beans and dead beans

- place each type of beans in a flask with a thermometer and seal the top with cotton

- use cotton to seal so that oxygen can still come in for aerobic respiration whilst still trapping most of the CO2

- record the temperature daily for a week

- the flask with germinating beans will have increased temperature and the dead beans will have no change

What type of reaction is respiration, and why?

exothermic as it releases energy (through heat)

What happens to the products of respiration and photosynthesis in plants?

the carbon dioxide or oxygen is released through the stomata

What is the top part of your body called?

the thorax

What is the muscle that separates the top half of your body to the bottom part?

the diaphragm

What are the lungs surrounded by, give 2?

- pleural membranes
- ribcage

What is the function of the ribcage?

to protect the lungs

What runs between the ribs?

intercoastal muscle

Describe how the tubes the air passes through split?

trachea - bronchi (two bronchus) - bronchioles - alveoli

Where does gas exchange happen in the thorax?

in the alveoli

Describe what happens to the thorax when you breathe in?

- intercoastal muscle and diaphragm contract

- diaphragm flattens

- ribcage and sternum go up and out

- thorax volume increases

- the pressure is decreased hence drawing in air

Describe what happens to the thorax when you breath out?

- intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

- diaphragm moves up

- ribcage and sternum retract and down

- thorax volume decreases

- pressure is increased hence pushing air out

Why do you need more oxygen when exercising?

because your cells respire more

What happens when your breathing rate increases?

your cells receive more oxygen and more carbon dioxide is produced

Describe the experiment to see the effect of exercise on your breathing rate?

- sit still for a set amount of time and then measure the amount of breaths

- then exersise for a set amount of time and then measure your amount of breaths

- repeat and calculate the average

- there will be an increase in breathing rate as your cells respire more and hence need more oxygen

Describe the experiment to test the release of carbon dioxide when you breathe?

- breath through the mouthpiece

- the first tube will remain clear as oxygen only has a bit of carbon dioxide

- when you breath out the carbon dioxide made when respiring will bubble through the limewater

- the limewater will turn cloudy proving that your breath has carbon dioxide

Whats the indicator for carbon dioxide?

limewater, goes from clear to cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide

How to we know the carbon dioxide made when breathing in the limewater experiment was from respiration and not just inhaled from the air?

if the carbon dioxide was inhaled from the air the first tube would also be cloudy, but it was not

Does gas exchange happen in just plants?

it takes place in plants an humans

Where does gas exchange happen in humans?

in the alveoli

What are alveoli?

tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

What type of blood passes by the alveoli?

de oxygenated blood which has a lot of carbon dioxide

What are the alveoli surrounded by?

blood capillaries

Describe the gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood?

- the blood passing has CO2 as it had just passed through the body giving oxygen to cells

- the CO2 diffuses into the capillaries from a high concentration to low

- the oxygen from the capillaries diffuses into the blood cells

- the CO2 is then breathed out as it travels from the alveoli to the lungs

Describe the process of gas exchange between cells?

- when the blood reaches the body's cells through the capillary

- oxygen is released from the red blood cells and diffuses into the cells, from high concentration to low concentration

- CO2 diffuses out of the cells and into the blood, from high concentration to low.

- this blood is then carried back to the lungs where it will obtain oxygen

Give 5 ways the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange?

- large surface area (lots of places for diffusion to occur)

- has a moist lining for gases to dissolve into

- one-cell thick walls

- a large blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient

- permeable walls

How does smoking tobacco affect gas exchange?

- it reduces the surface area of the alveoli hence decreasing the rate of gas exchange

What is the disease called which is caused by damaging the alveoli?

emphysema

What is the function of cilia and mucus?

they catch dust and bacteria before they reach your lungs

How does smoking increase your chance of chest infections?

the tar of the smoke damages the cilia, hence the dust and bacteria are able to get to the lungs and infect it.

Apart from cilia what else does the tar irritate, and what can it lead to.

- it irritates the bronchi and bronchioles, which causes mucus to be made

- too much mucus so the cilia can work

- this leads to things like smoker cough

What is an element on cigarette smoke?

carbon monoxide

How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

- it affects the amount of oxygen the blood can carry

Why does the blood not being able to carry enough oxygen affect the body?

- the heart rate increases trying to supply blood faster

- this increases the blood pressure which damages the artery walls

- this makes the formation of blood clots more likely

- this leads to coronary heart disease

what are the chemicals in smoke called and what do they do?

carcinogens, they lead to cancer