3RD QUARTER SCIENCE EXAM

MOUTH

mechanical and chemical digestion, start mastication

TONGUE

mixes food in the mouth

TEETH

breaks down food in the mouth, canine , molar, premolars, incisors

CHYME

liquid digested food

BOLUS

solid digested food

SALIVARY GLANDS

produces saliva, parotid, submaxillary, sublingual

PHARYNX

part of the throat, common passage for food and air

ESOPHAGUS

moves food down, peristalsis (wave-like motion), epiglottis (closes trachea)

STOMACH

j shaped, mechanical and chemical digestion, produces gastric juices

PEPSIN

enzyme for PROTEINS

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

kills bacteria in the stomach

LIVER

produces bile (physically breaks apart FATS)

GALLBLADDER

stores bile

PANCREAS

produces pancreatic juice

LIPASE

enzyme for fats (end product: GLYCEROL)

AMYLASE

enzyme for carbs/starch (end product: GLUCOSE)

TRYPSIN & CHYMOTRYPSIN

enzyme for proteins in pancreas (end product: AMINO)

SMALL INTESTINE

major organ, where digestion of nutrients are finished

DUODENUM

connected to the stomach, receives pancreatic juice, chemical only

JEJUNUM

absorbs nutrients, middle part

ILEUM

absorbs nutrients, connected to the large intestine

LARGE INTESTINE

colon, re-absorbs water, villi (fingerlike), Escherichia coli (good bacteria)

ASCENDING COLON

on the RIGHT, going up from the small intestine

TRANSVERSE COLON

in the MIDDLE, going across to the descending colon

DESCENDING COLON

on the LEFT, going down to the rectum

RECTUM

temporarily stores feces until exited

ANUS

opening where feces is expelled from the body

MUMPS

inflammation of the parotid gland

HEARTBURN

acid reflux (acid goes back up to the esophagus, the sphincter open

ULCER

open sores in the stomach lining

GALLSTONES

hardened cholesterol

DIARRHEA

not enough water absorbed, loose and watery stools

CONSTIPATION

too much water absorbed, bowel movements are less frequent

HEMORRHOIDS

swollen veins in the lower rectum (could be inside or outside)

APPENDICITIS

inflammation of the appendix due to infection

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

psychological condition, one thinks they appear overweight, no eating

BULIMIA

eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

TRANSPORTS MATERIALS NEEDED BY CELLS, REMOVES WASTE MATERIALS FROM CELLS

SEPTUM

cardiac muscle tissue that divides the left and right sides

PERICARDIUM

keeps the heart contained in the chest cavity

RIGHT ATRIUM

receives DOB going to the heart

LEFT ATRIUM

receives OB going to the heart

RIGHT VENTRICLE

pumps DOB out of the heart

LEFT VENTRICLE

pumps OB out of the heart

ASCENDING AORTA

upper part of the heart, largest ARTERY

DESCENDING AORTA

lower part of the heart, largest ARTERY

PULMONARY

connected to lungs

ARTERIES

blood going AWAY from the heart (ARTERIOLE: smaller)

CORONARY ARTERIES

supplies blood to the heart itself

VEINS

blood going BACK to the heart, has valves (VENULE: smaller)

CAPILLARIES

SMALLEST BLOOD VESSEL, connects arteries and veins

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

upper part of the heart, largest VEIN

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

lower part of the heart, largest VEIN

VALVES

PROTECTS THE HEART FROM BACKFLOW

TRICUSPID VALVE

between RIGHT ATRIUM AND RIGHT VENTRICLE

BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE

between LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT VENTRICLE

PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE

connected the PULMONARY ARTERY, pointing RIGHT

AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE

connected to the AORTA, pointing LEFT

BLOOD

PLASMA IS FLUID PART, PRODUCED IN RED BONE MARROW

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD (DOB)

more in carbon dioxide

OXYGENATED BLOOD (OB)

more in oxygen

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC OR ERYTHROCYTES)

carries oxygen, HEMOGLOBIN (red color)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC OR LEUKOCYTES)

kills bacteria/diseases/viruses, antibody

BLOOD PLATELETS

helps in forming clots to stop bleeding

FIBRINOGEN

protein that forms fibrin that clots to seal the wound

ZACHARIAS JANSEN

dutch lens-maker who invented the first compound microscope (3x-9x)

ROBERT HOOKE

discovered cells using his own microscope (30x)

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

a dutch naturalist and inventor (300x)

LIGHT/COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

Lenses bend, REFRACTING LIGHT, Magnifies up to 2000 TIMES, 2D images, LIVING ORGANISMS, Uses TWO CONVEX LENSES

PARTS OF A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

HEAD/BODY

houses the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope

BODY TUBE

reflects light up to the eye

EYEPIECE/OCULAR

part you look at with your eye

REVOLVING NOSEPIECE

allows for quick change of objectives

LOW POWER OBJECTIVE (LPO)

FIRST USE, usually 4x magnification

MIDDLE POWER OBJECTIVE (MPO)

SECOND USE, usually 10x magnification

HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE (HPO)

HIGHEST USE, usually 40x or 43x magnification

STAGE

slides are placed on this

APERTURE

hole in the stage where light passes through for the slide

STAGE CLIPS

used to keep the slide in place

ARM

connects to the base and supports the microscope head. Also used to carry

DIAPHRAGM

used to vary the amount of light passing through the slide, better when low

CONDENSER

collects and focuses the light from the light source

LIGHT SOURCE

sends light up through the diaphragm and through the slide for viewing

COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

used to make LARGE changes in focus (SIZE)

FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

used to make SMALL changes in focus (SHARPNESS)

BASE

supports the microscope and houses the illuminator (light source)

HOW TO GET TOTAL MAGNIFICATION

EYEPIECE MAGNIFICATION x OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION

HOW TO GET OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION

EYEPIECE MAGNIFICATION ÷ TOTAL MAGNIFICATION

STEREO MICROSCOPE

a type of compound microscope which has low-power magnify

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Uses ELECTRONS to view the specimen

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

50,000x magnification, 3D images, EXTERNAL

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

250,000x magnification, 2D images, pass throo