isomerism and carbonyl compounds

define aldehydes and ketones

compounds that both contain carbonyl group (C=O) as their functional group, with aldehydes having the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain and ketones having it within the chain.

define a neucliophile

an electron-rich species that donates a pair of electrons to form a chemical bond with an electron deficient species.

define electrophile

an electrophile is an electron acceptor species that accepts electrons to form a chemical bond.

define a racemic mixture

a solution containing an equal mixture of enantiomers

functional group and nomenclature for an ester

•Esters are formed from a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing a molecule of water. the H is from the alcohol and OH from carboxylic acid.

•prefix is the alcohol

•suffix is the carboxylic acid.

• example-

• Ester: CH₃COOCH₂CH₃

• Alcohol part: From ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH), which becomes ethyl.

• Acid part: From ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH), which becomes ethanoate.

• Full Name: Ethyl ethanoate

functional group and nomenclature for amides

suffix- amide

functional group and nomenclature for acyl chlorides

suffix- oyl chloride

•drop the -oic acid from the parent carboxylic acid and replace with -oyl chloride

what is a chiral carbon?

•A chiral carbon is a carbon atom with four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it.

•creates a tetrahedral structure.

•has optical isomers

define optical isomer. how can they be distinguished?

•optical isomerism describes stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, like left and right hands.

•These molecules, called enantiomers, possess the same molecular formula and bonding but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement due to a chiral carbon (a carbon atom bonded to four different groups).

•Optical isomers have the same physical properties but rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions, a property that distinguishes them.  

how is plane polarised light made? (Diagram) how does this enable us to distinguish enantiomers?

•when plane polarised light is passed through separate solutions of enantiomers, they rotate the light in equal and opposite directions

what happens when plane polarised light is passed through a racemic mixture?

•when plane polarised light is passed through a racemic mixture of equally mixed enantiomers, they will appear inactive.

•this is because the effects of one isomer cancels out the other.

name the six functional groups of carbonyl compounds

•ester 

•aldehide

•ketone

•carboxylic acide

•acyl chloride 

•acid anhydride

what reagents can distinguish between aldehydes and ketones

•using weak oxidising agents such as…

•Tollens reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate [(AgNH3)2]+

•Fehlings solution- Cu2+ oxidised