module 1: terminology and the body plan

structural and functional organizations

• chemical level

• cell level

• tissue level

• organ level

• organ system level

• organism level

chemical level

interaction of atoms

cell level

structural and functional unit of living organisms

tissue level

group of similar cells and the material surrounding them

organ level

two or more types of tissues functioning together

organ systems

group of organs that function together

organism level

any living system

directional terminology

yay

anatomical position

body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

supine

lying face upward

palms are up

prone

lying face downward

palms are down

directional terms

superior (cephalic) vs inferior (caudal) means toward or away from the head

superior (cephalic)

closer to the head

eg. My nose is superior to my mouth

inferior

closer to bottom of the torso

Medial

closer to the midline is called medial

Lateral

further away from the midline is called lateral

eg. My eyes are lateral to my nose

proximal

Proximal if it’s closer to the attachment point

Distal

Distal if it’s further away from the attachment point

proximal vs distal

used to describe linear structures

superficial vs deep

relative to the surface of the body

superficial

the surface area

deep

closer to the midline deeper in the body

Anterior (ventral)

anything closer to the front of the body

toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

• closer to the back of the body is posterior

• toward the back

Body planes

• Sagittal

• Frontal/coronal

• transverse/cross

• oblique

sagittal

vertically through the body - separates right and left

frontal or coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse/cross

divides body into anterior and posterior sections

oblique

other than a right angle

planes through the organs

longitudinal

cut along the length of the organ

cross/transverse

cut at right angle to length of the organ

Right threw the organ/up and down

oblique

cut at any angle but a right angle

BODY CAVITIES

dorsal body cavity houses:

cranial cavity

vertebral canal

central nervous system

ventral body cavity houses:

• diaphragm: divides into the thoracic and abdominpelvic cavities

• thoracic cavity: contains lungs and heart

  • mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

• abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

• Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine and reproductive organs

serous membranes

thin layer of epithelial tissue

• cover the organs of trunk cavities and lines the cavity

• balloon analogy: fist inside a waterballoon

• one continuous layer of ballon that’s folded in on itself for 2 layers and in between the layers there is fluid

• visceral serous membrane : the inner wall closest to the organ

• parietal serous membrane: outer layer comes in contact with the wall cavity

• cavity between the two membranes filled with lubricanting serous fluid that is produced by the membranes

pericardium

serous membrane around the heart

visceral pericardium

parietal cavity

pericardial cavity: filled with pericardial fluid

pleura

serous membrane around the lungs

• parietal pleura

• visceral pleura

• pleural cavity contains the pleural fluid

peritoneum

serous membrane around the abdominal cavity

• mesenteries: folds upon itself and goes from organ to organ

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

head region

• frontal (forehead)

• orbital (eye)

• otic (ear)

• nasal (nose)

• buccal (cheek)

• oral (mouth)

• mental (chin)

neck region

• cervical

• clavicular (collarbone)

upper limb

• axillary (armpit)

• brachial (arm)

• anticubital (front of elbow)

• antebrachial (forearm)

• carpal (wrist)

• manual (hand)

  • palmer (palm)

  • digitals (fingers)

trunk

• thoracic (thorax)

  • pectoral (chest)

  • sternal (breastbone)

  • mammary (breast)

• abdomen

  • abdominal (abdomen)

  • umbilical (navel)

• pelvis

  • pelvic (pelvis)

  • inguinal (groin)

  • pubic (genital)

lower limb

• coxal (hip)

• femoral (thigh)

• patellar (kneecap)

• crural (leg)

• pedal (foot)

  • talus (ankle)

  • dorsum (top of the foot)

  • disgitals (toes)