Biomedical Terminology: Unit 3: Chapter 15

Ortho

Short for Orthopedics

OT

Occupational Therapy Abbreviation

PT

Physical Therapy Abbreviation

RA

Rheumatoid Arthritis Abbreviation

Acetabulum

Rounded depression in the pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint

Acromion

Outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

Gouty Arthritis

Uric acid crystals forming between joints (due to excessive uric acid in body)

Articular Cartilage

Thin layer of smooth glistening white tissue covering the surface of the bone in the joint space

Osteoarthritis

Loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune reaction against joint tissue (synovial membrane)

Bone process

Enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Bunion

Swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone

Ganglion

A fluid filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist

Cancellous Bone

Spongy porous bone tissue in inner part of bone

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

transverse Ligament presses on median nerve in the carpal bones (ligament is cut to relieve pain)

Cartilage

flexible rubbery connective tissue

Herniation of an intervertebral disk

Abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves; “slipped disk” locking against a nerve

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Inflammation and eating away of tissue (joint tissue, heart, kidney) and butterfly rash is a symptom

Lyme Disease

Comes from a tick bite; causes hearing loss and paralysis of face (a symptom)

Sprain

Trauma to joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments without rupture

Dislocation

Displacement of bone from joint

Compact Bone

Hard dense bone tissue usually found around the outer portion of bones

Muscular dystrophy

weakness and degeneration of bone tissue due to a genetic disorder

Polymyositis

Chronic inflammatory myopathy, may be an autoimmune disorder

Diaphysis

Shaft, or mid portion of a long bone

Disk

Flat, round platelike structure

Epiphysis

End of a long bone (area beyond the epiphyseal plate)

Frontanelle

Soft spot between the skull bones of an infant

Foramen Magnum

Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

Haversian Canals

Minute spaces filled with blood vessels, found in compact bone

Ligament

Fibrous tissue connecting bones to other bones

Malleolus

Round process on both sides of the ankle joint

Metaphysis

Region of a long bone located between the Epiphysis and the Diaphysis

Ossification

Replacement of cartilage with bone

Osteocyte

Nourishes and maintains bone

Osteoblast

Produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage

Osteoclast

reabsorbs or digests bone

Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D

The proper formation of bone depends on 3 sources:

Yellow Marrow

Chiefly fat

Red Bone Marrow

Rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells, and later in life replaced with yellow marrow; found in cancellous bone

Hematopoiesis

Formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

Ewing’s Sarcoma

A type of bone or soft tissue cancer that primarily occurs in children and young adults

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Bone cancer that arises from osteoblasts; It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that produces immature bone tissue (osteoid)

Exostosis

Bony growth on the surface of a bone

Osteomyelitis

A serious infection that happens when bacteria or fungi infect your bone marrow

Talipes

Also known as a Club Foot, it is a congenital foot deformity where the foot turns inwards and downwards, making it appear as if it is upside down

Osteomalacia

A condition where bones become soft and weak due to insufficient mineralization

Osteoporosis

A disease that weakens bones, making them more likely to break

Scoliosis

A condition where the spine curves sideways, often resembling an "S" or "C" shape

Kyphosis

A condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing the upper back to round or hunch over. It's often referred to as "roundback" or "hunchback

Lordosis

An exaggerated inward curve of the spine, particularly in the lower back or neck.

Joint

Coming together of two or more bones

Suture Joints

Immovable joints (ex: Skull)

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints (Ex: hips, shoulders, etc)

Articular Cartilage

Covers bones

Meniscus

Crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity and acts as a protective cushion in the knee

Synovial Membrane

Lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity, filled with synovial fluid

Tendon

connects muscle to bone

Striated

Muscles under voluntary control, moving all the bones as well as face and eyes

Smooth

Muscles whose control is involuntary, moving internal organs, digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts of glands

Cardiac

Muscles not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart

Flexion

• Decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint.

  • Example: Bending your elbow (bringing your hand toward your shoulder).

Extension

• Increasing the angle between two bones (straightening a joint).

• Example: Straightening Arm after bicep curl

Abduction

• Moving a limb away from the midline of the body.

• Example: Lifting your arm or leg sideways away from your torso.

Adduction

• Moving a limb toward the body’s midline.

  • Example: Bringing your arm down to your side.

Rotation

• Moving a bone around its longitudinal axis.

  • Example: Turning your head side to side

Circumduction

• Circular motion of a limb combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

  • Example: Drawing a circle in the air with your arm.

Protentation

• Rotating the forearm so the palm faces downward.

  • Example: Typing on a keyboard.

Supination

• Rotating the forearm so the palm faces upward.

  • Example: Holding a bowl of soup ("soup-ination" = palm up).

Dosification

• Lifting the foot so the toes point upward.

  • Example: Walking on your heels.

Plantar Flexion

• Pointing the toes downward.

  • Example: Standing on tiptoes.

Manubrium

Upper portion of the sternum

Masoid Process

Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Medullary cavity

Central hollowed out area in the shaft of a long bone

Olecranon

Large process on the proximal end of the ulna

orthopedist

Medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions

Periosteum

Membrane surrounding bones, rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

Physiatrist

Medical doctor who specializes in rehabilitation

Pubic Symphysis

Area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis

7, 8-10, 11 and 12

Ribs: the true ribs are the first , then the false ribs are pairs , and the floating ribs are pairs __.

Sinus

Hollow air cavity within a bone

Sella turcica

Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

Styloid Process

Pole like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Temporomandibular joint

Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw

Trabeculae

Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone

Vertebra

Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, arch, spinous process, transverse process and lamina

xiphoid process

Long narrow portion of the sternum

Yellow bone marroq

Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

Calc/o cali/o

Calcium (root) (2)

Kyph/o

posterior curvature in the thoracic region (root)

Lamin/o

Lamina (root)

Lord/o

Curve (root)

Lumb/o

Loins, lower back (root)

Myel/o

Bone marrow (root)

Orth/o

Straight (root)

oset/o

bone (root)

Scoli/o

crooked (root)

spondyl/o vertebr/o

Vertebra (root) (2)

-blast

Embryonic Cell (suffix)

-clast

to break (suffix)