Creative Non-fiction

Elements of fiction and drama

Four Major Elements that comprise a short story, a novel, or a play.

• Plot

• Setting

• Characters

• Theme

Plot

The sequence of events happening in a story

Setting

The place and time in which the events in a story take place

Characters

The persons, animals, or figures present in a story.

Fiction is commonly categorized into the short story of the novel.

• The short story is a brief artistic prose form that centers on a single main incident and intends to produce a single dominant impression.

• The novel is an extensive prose narrative that contains chapters and interludes.

short story

• a brief artistic prose form that centers on a single main incident and intends to produce a single dominant impression.

novel

an extensive prose narrative that contains chapters and interludes.

PLAYS (drama)

are classified into acts or major divisions.

ONE-ACT PLAY

which has one unit of time, one unit of place, and one unit of action

THREE-ACT PLAY

which showcases a longer exposition of the theme and conflict.

All stories must have a point of view.

• The point of view is the vantage point or the angle from which the readers see how the story unfolds.

• It can be told from the perspective of a narrator, a main or supporting character, or an observer .

• It can also come from an omniscient (all-knowing) being.

Exposition

Introduces the characters, the setting, and the dramatic situation of the story or play

Rising Action

Introduces the conflict of the story or play

Climax

Introduces the central moment of crisis that defines the conflict.

Falling Action

Introduces the aftermath of the actions and decisions taken by the characters to address the conflict (whether it is resolved or not).

Resolution/Denouement

Introduces the moment of insight, discovery, or revelation that alters the characters’ lives or view of life and the conclusion of the story.

Foreshadowing

is used in fiction and drama to hint at what is to happen next in the story.

Irony

is also used both in fiction and drama. It occurs when words are used to mean the opposite of their actual definitions or when scenes end differently from what is expected.

Flashback

is employed by an author or a playwright through the use of a past event that will help the readers understand the present. This is generally utilized to achieve a dramatic effect or impact on the readers and audiences.

Conflict

is present both in fiction and drama. It provides and showcases opposing objectives and can either be external (protagonist against an outside force such as an antagonist) or internal (protagonist against his/her own contrasting emotions or desires).

Deus Ex Machina

in both fiction and drama refers to the employment of a contrived element in the plot to resolve the conflict and achieve an ending.

ancient times & Period

poetry was the language of the people.

The following are common characteristics of poetry:

1. poetry attempts to achieve beauty.

2.poetry is imaginative or makes use of the strength of imagination

3. poetry is musical and rhythmical

4.poetry makes use of language that is metaphorical or symbolic, not direct

5. poetry is more concentrated than prose

6. poetry makes use of brevity and conciseness.

3 makor categories of poetry

Narrative
Dramatic
Lyric poems

Narrative

• poem tells stories.

• they maybe short and simple

• others are long and complex

Some examples of ……. poetry:

Epics - The Iliad and Bi-ag ni Lam-ang

Ballads - Lord Randall and Bahay Kubo

Prose poems -metrical romance of King Arthur and Florante at Laura

Dramatic

• employ dramatic form or elements of dramatic technique such as dialogue or characters instead of just a single speaker or persona

EXAMPLES:

Anak by Freddie Aguilar

T.S. Eliot' s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

LYRIC POEMS

• are brief in structure and subjective in expressing the thoughts and emotions of the persona or the speaker of the poem

• originally written to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, the words in these poems could be lyrics which are strongly melodic.

LYRIC POEMS

• Songs, sonnets, haikus, odes, elegies, and pastoral

• poems are examples of this.

EXAMPLES OF……… IN FILIPINO

• awit

• corido

• ambahan, and the

• tanaga

Understanding the Elements and Conventions of Poetry

Imagery
Figurative Language / Figure of Speech
Sound
Persona

Imagery

• the use of images is a constant in poetry.

• it is the literal representation of an

  experience or object that is perceived

  through the senses.

• through imagery, objects and/or experiences

  are linguistically presented in such a way

  that we can see, smell, hear, taste, touch, or

  feel it as our imagination allows.

Figurative Language / Figure of Speech

• the use of devices that help beautify or make the

  language more poetic is a common technique in

  poetry.

• the most frequently used figures of Speech is simile,

  metaphor, personification, and onomatopoeia.

Sound

• poetry is as much an oral as it is a visual form; therefore, it is

meant to be recited and read aloud.

• poetry dates back to the ancient times when chants were ritualized.

the Epics of Homer and the Ballads of the medieval period were

either performed or sung.

• today, poets give poetry readings and even make recordings of their

  work

• as a result, a poem should be read aloud to reveal its true merit.

the rhyme scheme and the meter that a poem employs add to the

sound of the poem.

Persona

the speaker of the poem is not necessarily the poet.

in many cases, poets create a persona (a word that

comes from Latin which means "mask") who speaks the

poem in the first person.

it is through the persona and his or her perspective

that readers are able to perceive the ideas or

events presented in a poem.

Reading and Writing Fiction

Fiction is an imaginative art form, using language to create worlds and stories that move us.

Techniques and Literary Devices

Mood/Tone

Foreshadowing

Symbolism and Motif

Mood/Tone

The emotional atmosphere or feeling evoked by a story.

Foreshadowing

Hints or clues that suggest events to come.

Symbolism and Motif

Objects or images that represent something beyond their literal meaning.

Theme

1. Love - Exploring the complexities of romantic relationships.

2. Loss - Dealing with grief and the impact of death.

3. Justice - Examining the concept of fairness and its consequences.

IRONY

Situational Irony
Dramatic Irony
Verbal Irony

Situational Irony

When an event contradicts expectations.

Dramatic Irony

When the audience knows something the characters don't.

Verbal Irony

When someone says something that means opposite

Conflict

Internal Conflict

External Conflict

Internal Conflict

A struggle within a Character’s mind.

External Conflict

A struggle between a character and an outside force.

Setting and Atmosphere

Physical Setting
Atmosphere

Physical Setting

The time and place where the story takes place.

Atmosphere

The emotioanl tone or feeling created by the setting.

Plot

Exposition
Rising Action
Climax
Falling Action
Resolution

Exposition

Introduces the characters and setting

Rising Action

A series of events that build tension.

Climax

The turning point of the story

Falling Action

The events that follow the climax

Resolution

The end of the story, where loose ends are tied up

First person point of view

The story is told from the perspective of a character within the story.

Second person point of view

The staory is told directly to the reader, using "you."

Third person point of view

The story is told from an outside perspective.

Character

Protagonist

Antagonist

Round Character
Flat Character

Protagonist

The main Character

antagonist

The character who opposes the protagonist

Round Character

a COMPLEX CHARACTER WITH MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS

Flat character

A simple character with one or two defining traits

FIGURE OF SPEECH

is a rhetorical device which involves the usage of words or phrases in distinctive ways to achieve certain effects.

it can come in the form of figurative language or words and phrases whose meanings go beyond the literal sense, or in the repetition of certain sounds or words to produce a dramatic effect

ALLITERATION

it involves placing together words that begin with the same sound

Examples:

"Sal ly sel ls sea shel ls by the seashore"

"Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper"

ANAPHORA

it is the repetition of a word or a specific phrase at the beginning

of sentences or clauses to make a statement or for emphasis.

Example:

"Good night and good luck" (Charles Dickens, Tales of Two Cities, 1859)

ASSONANCE

it is the repetition of the same or simi lar vowel sounds in a phrase

or sentence

Examples:

"Hear the mellow wedding bel ls

" (Edgar Al lan Poe, The Bel ls, 1849)

"Tyger, Tyger burning bright in the same forest of the night" (Wi l l iam

Blake, The Tyger, 1794)

HYPERBOLE

it is use of exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be

taken l iteral ly

Example:

"I am so hungry I could eat a horse"

"I 've told you a mi l l ion times

"

IRONY

it is the use of words in a way that is opposite from their l iterary

meanings.

Examples:

"I love cold pizza!" (a sarcastic response when one is served cold food)

"Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera

METAPHOR

it is the comparison of two unl ike things without using the words

"as" or "like"

Examples:

"My heart is lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hi l ls.

" (Wi l l iam Sharp, The Lonely Hunter, 191 1)

"Her voice is music to his ears

SIMILE

it is the comparison of two using the words

"as" or "l ike

Examples

"

"Life is l ike a box of chocolates, you never know what you're going to

get" (in the movie, Forrest Gump, 1994I)

"She is beautiful as Mona Lisa

METONOMY

it is cal l ing a thing or concept not with its own name but with the

name of something closely associated with it

Examples:

"The pen is mightier than the sword"

The word "pen" stands in for the written word whi le the word "sword"

stands in for mi l itary agression or action"

ONOMATOPOEIA

it is the usage of words that mimic the sound effects they aim to describe, Examples:

"Hiss for the sound made by snake "

"Boom for the sound of an explosion "

PARADOX

it is seemingly absurb or self-contradictory statement or proposition

that when investigated or explained may prove to be wel l-founded

or true,

Examples

"

"This is the beginning of the end"

"Youth is wasted on the young

PERSONIFICATION

it is giving human attributes to animals, inanimate objects or abstract

concepts

Examples:

"The tree quaked with fear as the wind approached"

"The sun smi led down on her

"

PUN

it is a play on words using the different senses, meanings, or

sounds, of certain words to create something fun and interesting

Examples:

"Denial ain't just a river in Egypt"

"She had a photographic memory but never developed it

UNDERSTATEMENT

it is the usage of words to make something seem much less

important that it real ly is. This is often considered as the opposite

of the hyperbole.

Examples:

"I am del ighted to win 10 mi l l ion dollars"

"100 home runs isn't a bad record

ANTITHESIS

it is pitting two opposite ideas against each other to achieve an

effect.

Examples:

"You're easy on the eyes, hard on the heart"

"To err is human, to forgive is devine

EUPHEMISM

it is the usage of pol ite or indirect expressions to soften one's

message when discussing something unpleasant

Examples:

"My mother passed away"

"Janeth Jackson had a wardrobe malfunction when she performed at the

Super Bowl"

OXYMORON

it is putting two contradicting words together to achieve an effect

Examples:

"Her misfortune was an open secret"

"It was a defeaning silence"