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free association
in psycho-analysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
psychoanalysis
freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
ego
the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, supergo, and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in the ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stages, in which conflicts were unresolved
defense mechanisms
in psycho-analytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
psychodynamic theories
modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
collective unconscious
carl jung’s concept of of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
projective test
a personality test, such as the rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
a projective test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
terror-management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
humanistic theories
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, and attitude of total acceptance toward another person
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the questions “Who am I?”
