Lab Exam 1 A&P 1

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, feet forward, arms at sides, with palms facing forward.

Superior

Directional term meaning above or closer to the head.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below or closer to the feet.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term meaning toward or at the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term meaning toward or at the back of the body.

Medial

Directional term meaning toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Directional term meaning away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a limb.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin of a limb.

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A vertical plane dividing the body into front and back parts.

Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom parts.

Dorsal Cavity

Body cavity containing the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral Cavity

Body cavity containing the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the liver and gallbladder.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the stomach and spleen.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the appendix.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominal quadrant containing the sigmoid colon.

Top Row of Nine Abdominal Regions

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac regions.

Middle Row of Nine Abdominal Regions

Right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar regions.

Bottom Row of Nine Abdominal Regions

Right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac regions.

Skeletal System

Provides support, protection, and blood cell production.

Muscular System

Enables movement and generates body heat.

Cardiovascular System

Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.

Lymphatic System

Houses immune cells and maintains fluid balance.

Respiratory System

Performs gas exchange by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the blood.

Urinary System

Removes nitrogenous wastes and regulates water balance.

Endocrine System

Regulates body processes by secreting hormones.

Nervous System

Controls rapid communication and coordination via electrical signals.

Reproductive System

Produces offspring and sex hormones.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat, fried-egg-like cells for diffusion and filtration.

Simple Squamous Locations

Found in lung alveoli and capillary walls.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple cell layers providing protection in the skin, mouth, and esophagus.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single ciliated layer looking multilayered; lines the respiratory tract to move mucus.

Transitional Epithelium

Stratified tissue that stretches; found in the urinary bladder.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Loose fibers with open space; wraps organs and lies under epithelia.

Adipose Tissue

Fat tissue specialized for energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Parallel collagen fibers providing strong one-directional tension in tendons and ligaments.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Randomly arranged collagen fibers providing multi-directional strength in the dermis.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Stretchy tissue containing abundant elastic fibers; found in large arteries.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common, glassy-looking cartilage; located in trachea, nose, and costal cartilage.

Elastic Cartilage

Highly flexible cartilage found in the external ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Very strong tissue with thick collagen; found in intervertebral discs.

Blood

Fluid connective tissue with a liquid matrix used for transport.

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Hard matrix tissue used for support, protection, and mineral storage.

Skeletal Muscle

Long, striated, voluntary, multinucleated fibers attached to bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, branching, involuntary cells with intercalated discs found in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, single-nucleus, involuntary muscle in the walls of hollow organs.

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer regulating entry and exit of substances.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membrane network studded with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membrane network without ribosomes; site of lipid synthesis.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse organelle responsible for ATP production.

Centrioles

Cylindrical organelles that organize the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Microtubules

Cytoskeletal elements providing structural support and intracellular transport.

Microfilaments

Actin-based cytoskeletal structures responsible for cell movement.

Intermediate Filaments

Tough cytoskeletal proteins providing mechanical strength to cells.

Interphase

Stage of cell cycle where the cell grows and copies its DNA.

Mitosis

The division of the cell nucleus.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.

Cleavage Furrow

The pinching of the plasma membrane during cytokinesis.

Mitotic Spindle

Structure composed of microtubules that separates chromosomes during mitosis.

Diffusion

Passive movement of particles from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane toward higher solute concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport from high to low concentration using channel proteins.

Active Transport

Movement from low to high concentration requiring ATP energy.

Filtration

Movement of water and solutes across a membrane driven by pressure.

Isotonic Solution

Solution with equal concentration; cell volume remains unchanged.

Hypotonic Solution

Lower solute outside; water enters, causing the cell to swell or burst.

Hypertonic Solution

Higher solute outside; water leaves, causing the cell to shrink.

Hemolysis

The bursting of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution.

Crenation

The shrinking/shriveling of a cell in a hypertonic solution.

Epidermis Layers (Deep to Superficial)

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.

Stratum Lucidum

Epidermal layer found only in thick skin.

Papillary Layer

Superficial dermis layer composed of loose connective tissue.

Reticular Layer

Deep dermis layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Arrector Pili

Smooth muscle causing hair to stand up (goosebumps).

Sebaceous Glands

Exocrine glands producing oil (sebum).

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Sweat glands distributed widely for body cooling.

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Scent sweat glands located in armpits and groin.

Pacinian Corpuscle

Skin receptor detecting deep pressure and vibration.

Melanin

Skin pigment providing protection against UV radiation.

Carotene

Yellow-orange pigment found in the skin.

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-binding pigment giving skin a pink/red color.

Nail Matrix

The active growth region of the nail.

Total Magnification Formula

Objective lens magnification multiplied by ocular lens magnification.

Working Distance

Decreases as microscope magnification increases.

Microscope Focusing Rule

Never use coarse adjustment on high power.

Factors Increasing Diffusion Rate

Higher temperature, larger gradients, smaller molecules, larger surface areas.