Catholic Reformation

What distinguishes the “Catholic Reformation” from the “Counter-Reformation”?

The Catholic Reformation refers to internal reforms within the Catholic Church to address corruption, while the Counter-Reformation refers to efforts aimed at combating the spread of Protestantism. Together, they reshaped Catholic identity and authority.

Who was Ignatius Loyola and what role did he play in the Catholic Reformation?

A spanish soldier turned mystic, Loyola founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1540. The Jesuits became the “shock troops” of the Papcy, known for education, missionary work, and re-Catholicization of Europe and Asia.

How did Teresa of Avila contribute to Catholic spiritual reform?

A mystic and reformer of the Carmelite Order, Teresa promoted spiritual renewal. She founded the “Discalced Carmelites” and emphasized personal ecstatic experience of God, though she was investigated for heresy.

What reforms were initiated under Pope Paul III?

Paul III launched the Roman Inquisition (1542) and the Index of Forbidden Books (1549). He also initiated the Council of Trent, which formalized reforms and reaffirmed core Catholic doctrines.

What corrupt practices were condemned at the Council of Trent (1545-63)?

Sale of indulgences, Simony (sale of offices), Pluralism (holding multiple Church offices), Absenteeism, and Non-enforcement of celibacy.

How did Tridentine theology respond to Protestant criticisms?

Reaffirmed sacramental theology and good works, rejected sola fide (faith alone), rejected sola scripture (scripture alone), reaffirmed the authority of the Pope and Church tradition, and banned vernacular Bibles to preserve doctrinal control.

What regions were successfully re-Catholicized during the Counter-Reformation?

Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia were brought back to Catholicism through Jesuit education, missionary work, and political alliances.

What was the purpose of the Index of Forbidden Books?

To prevent the spread of heretical or Protestant ideas by banning books by Luther, Calvin, and others, and even vernacular Bible translation, maintaining Catholic orthodoxy.

What was the role of the Roman Inquisition (1542)?

To investigate and punish heresy through interrogation, surveillance, and censorship, acting as a doctrinal enforcement mechanism for the Church.