Acids, Bases and Salts

Flashcards about acids, bases, and salts based on provided lecture notes.

What are indicators?

Substances that change color in the presence of acids or alkalis.

What color does litmus turn in acid and alkali?

Turns red in acid and blue in alkali, but does not indicate the strength of the acid/alkali.

What is Universal Indicator?

A mixture of indicators that provides a range of colors to show the pH of a solution.

What is the pH range for strong acids, weak acids, neutral substances, weak alkalis, and strong alkalis?

Strong acid: 0-2, Weak acid: 3-6, Neutral: 7, Weak alkali: 8-11, Strong alkali: 12-14

Why is a pH meter/probe more accurate than Universal Indicator?

It gives pH readings to at least one decimal place and doesn't require checking colors against a chart.

What are bases usually?

Metal oxides (e.g., copper oxide) or metal hydroxides (e.g., magnesium hydroxide).

What are alkalis?

Soluble bases.

Give examples of strong acids.

Sulphuric, Hydrochloric, and Nitric acids.

Give examples of weak acids.

Carbonic acid and ethanoic acid.

Give examples of strong alkalis.

Sodium and potassium hydroxides.

Give an example of a weak alkali.

Ammonia.

What happens when acids are added to water?

Dissolve and dissociate to form H+ ions in water.

What is the degree of ionization and H+ ion concentration like in strong acids?

Fully ionized, forming many H+ ions, giving a low pH.

What is the degree of ionization and H+ ion concentration like in weak acids?

Partially ionized, forming fewer H+ ions.

What happens when alkalis are added to water?

Dissolve and dissociate to form OH- ions in water.

What is the degree of ionization and OH- ion concentration like in strong alkalis?

Fully ionized, forming many OH- ions, giving a high pH.

What is the degree of ionization and OH- ion concentration like in weak alkalis?

Partially ionized, forming fewer OH- ions.

What characterizes a concentrated acid/alkali?

A lot of acid/alkali particles are present with few water molecules.

What characterizes a dilute acid/alkali?

Fewer acid/alkali particles are present with many water molecules.

What occurs during a neutralization reaction?

Acid and alkali react together to produce a solution of salt and water only, with a neutral pH of 7.

What is the ionic equation for neutralization?

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) -> H2O (l)

How are salts formed from acids?

The hydrogen ion(s) in the acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium (NH4+) ion.

How are salts named?

Metal + Acid

What type of salt does hydrochloric acid form?

Chloride salts.

What type of salt does sulphuric acid form?

Sulphate salts.

What type of salt does nitric acid form?

Nitrate salts.

What salts are generally white and form colorless solutions?

Group 1, Group 2, Aluminium salts and Zinc salts

What is a common characteristic of transition metal salts?

Usually colored.

What color are copper salts usually?

Blue or green.

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

HCl

What is the formula for sulphuric acid?

H2SO4

What is the formula for nitric acid?

HNO3

What are the products of the reaction between an acid and a metal?

Salt + Hydrogen

What are the products of the reaction between an acid and an alkali or an acid and a base?

Salt + Water

What are the products of the reaction between an acid and a carbonate or hydrogen carbonate?

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

What happens when carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater?

Turns limewater from colorless to cloudy.