Option E-2 Tourism and sport at the local and national scale

primary tourist resources

pre-existing tourist attractions that often exist naturally e.g. the weather, wildlife, beaches, indigenous people or mountains

secondary tourist resources

facilities that have been purposefully built for tourists e.g. hotels, restaurants, golf courses and airports

physical attractions

attractions created by nature e.g. beaches, mountains, climate ones, caves, wildlife

cultural attractions

these are human made attractions e.g. cultural areas, historic buildings or monuments, amusement parks, festivals

heritage tourism

tourism based on historic legacy as its main focus e.g. natural landscape, historical buildings

adventure tourism

a form of tourism in natural areas that incorporates an element of risk, higher levels of physical exertion, and the need for specialised skills

tourism hotspots

places that experience high levels of tourist arrivals and
usually have a very large number of visits at the same time

sphere of influence

the area from which people are attracted from to use a service

leisure hierarchy

has a strong correlation with settlement hierarchy. Settlement hierarchy is usually measured by three variables:

- Population size
- Range and number of services
- Sphere of influence

larger settlements have higher order leisure facilities and services

factors that influence the distribution of sports and tourist facilities

Accessibility: those that need high threshold populations tend to be located in the city centre e.g. shopping malls

Physical characteristics: some leisure facilities need certain physical characteristics e.g. a river for rowing, scenic wonders for a national park

History/tradition: some sports stadiums are located near the centre as they were built before land prices rose

Socio-economic characteristics: some facilities are located where they have demand from particular groups e.g. gyms for the upwardly mobile

Land cost: those that require more space tend to be in the suburbs and beyond e.g. golf courses

Government support: some facilities (recreation centres) are built with public $$$ to encourage a healthier, more cohesive community

sports league

an organization that coordinates a group of individual clubs that play each other over a period of time for competition championship

league system

when a number of teams are held together in a hierarchical fashion

CASE STUDY: Premier League

Premier League is an English professional league for men's association football clubs. At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition.

Contended by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and regulation with the football league

Large clubs generally have a much larger sphere of influence than smaller clubs.

temporary sites

sites that are returned to another use after the leisure activity has taken place e.g. farmers fields used for music festivals

permanent sites for temporary events

sites that have leisure as their predominant use, but the leisure activity varies for short periods of time - e.g. city center parks

consequences of temporary sites of leisure

ECON PROS: can bring economic boost, people are employed (security, ticket sales, construction, cleaning - direct), nearby businesses may benefit (restaurants, transport - indirect)

ECON CONS: some may experience downfall of customers from crowdedness, prices may rise so locals struggle

SOCIAL PROS: cultural awareness, more work, increased aspiration

SOCIAL CONS: overcrowding, crime, breakdown of social structures

ENVIRONMENTAL: increased need for disposable cutlery, noise pollution, traffic congestion --> air pollution, waste, lacking recycling

POLITICAL PROS: community emphasized to wider audience, communal decision-making, civic pride

POLITICAL CONS: disagreement about location use can divide communities, benefits for one group may override negatives for another, small group makes big decisions, local gov may not be able to deal with problems from events

CASE STUDY: Thai Full Moon Party

The Thai Full Moon Party on Ko Phangan is a temporary large scale festival. It is an all-night beach party that takes place on the night of, before, or after every full moon, mostly attended by tourists and consists mainly of alcohol, drugs and loud music

factors that affect location of teams and supporters

- population size
- population characteristics, including affluence
- physical land characteristics (terrain)
- existing land use
- communication technology, including TV
- transport connections

Butler Model of Tourism

a model showing the evolution of tourist destinations which stipulates that a site exploited for tourism and leisure knows 6 phases in its evolution: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline or rejuvenation