Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 4, focusing on reactions in aqueous solutions, electrolyte behavior, acid-base chemistry, and stoichiometry.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solute

The substance present in the smaller amount(s) in a solution.

Solvent

The substance present in the larger amount in a solution.

Electrolyte

A substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

Strong Electrolyte

A substance that completely dissociates into ions in solution.

Weak Electrolyte

A substance that does not completely dissociate into ions in solution.

Hydration

The process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.

Precipitate

An insoluble solid that separates from a solution.

Net Ionic Equation

An equation that shows only the species that change during the reaction while canceling out the spectator ions.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

Arrhenius Acid

A substance that produces H3O+ in water.

Arrhenius Base

A substance that produces OH- in water.

Brønsted-Lowry Acid

A proton donor.

Brønsted-Lowry Base

A proton acceptor.

Conjugate Acid

The species formed when a base accepts a proton.

Conjugate Base

The species formed when an acid donates a proton.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons by a substance.

Reduction

The gain of electrons by a substance.

Disproportionation Reaction

A reaction in which the same element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

Molarity

A measure of concentration representing the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Titration

A method to analyze the concentration of a solution by adding a solution of known concentration until the reaction reaches its equivalence point.

Dilution

The process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent.