Blood/Circulatory/Respiratory

What are the functions of the blood/circulatory system?

1. Distribute oxygen/nutrients (carbs, amino acids, ATP, etc.)

2. Prevent infection and blood loss

3. Transport metabolic waste (CO2, lactic acid) and hormones (estrogen, testosterone, insulin)

4. Maintain pH and blood pressure

What are the main traits of blood?

It has a sticky, metallic taste, it is composed of a fluid portion and formed elements, and it is slightly basic (7.35-7.45)

What percent of our blood is plasma?

55%

What does plasma contain?

Over 100 dissolved substances, such as nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products, etc.

What (besides plasma) has heavy quantities in blood?

Formed Elements

What are the 3 formed elements in blood?

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Thrombocytes

Platelets

What are antibodies?

Specialized substances produced by the body to provide immunity against specific antigens.

What do antigens trigger?

The formation of antibodies which are carried in the plasma.

How do antibodies protect?

They connect with antigens and agglutinate (clump)

Transfusion reaction

When the DONOR’S red blood cells are attacked by the RECIPIENT’S plasma antibodies.

Rh Positive

Means you have the Rh antigen in red blood cells

Rh Negative

You don’t have the Rh Antigen

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Baby could be anemic, brain damaged, or die as a result of a Rh- mother and Rh+ father conceiving and having an Rh+ baby. Only the 2nd child will be affected.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to tissues

Artery layers

Same layer as atria and ventricles

What is the 1st artery layer

Tunica interna

What is the middle artery layer

Tunica Media. It is the thickest of the three, and made of circular layers of muscle and elastic tissue.

Vaso Dialate

Opens the arteries

Vaso constrict

Narrow the arteries

What is the outermost layer of the artery?

Tunica externa. It protects and anchors.

Aneurism

Ballooning of an artery due to the pressure of blood flowing through a weakened area. Most common in the brain, aorta near heart, or abdominal aorta

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessel. MADE OF TUNICA INTERNA ONLY. Does gas exchange

Veins

Carry blood toward the heart, blood is deoxygenated.

Varicose Veina

Veins dilate because of incompetent valves.

Blood pressure

The force exerted on the vessel walls by its contained blood, keeps blood circulating between beats.

Systolic blood pressure measurement

Force of blood as heart beats = 120mm Hg

Diastolic blood pressure measurement

Force between beats = 80mm Hg

Apex of heart

Pointed end of the heart; points left. Rests on diaphragm

Base of heart

Broad end of the heart where large vessels emerge.

Pericardium

A double walled sac that encloses the heart. The fibrous pericardium is the loosely fitting superficial part of the sac, and anchors heart to the diaphragm. The serous pericardium is the inside fibrous layer between.

2 Layers of Serous pericardium

1. Parietal Layer (lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium)

   1. Visceral layer/epicardium (over the surface of the heart)

What is in between the 2 layers of serous pericardium?

Serous fluid, which creates a frictionless environment

3 Layers of Heart Wall

1. Epicardium (thin layer of the surface of the heart)

2. Myocardium (heart muscle, layer that contracts)

3. Endocardium (inside the heart, lines the chambers and coats the valves)

Coronary arteres

Feed the heart muscle. Blockage causes heart attack

Atria

Are the upper, receiving chambers of the heart.

Where does the right atria recieve from?

Vena cava

Where does the left atria receive from?

Pulmonary vein

Ventricles

Make up most of the mass of the heart, huge myocardium.

Where does the right ventricle pump to?

Lungs

Where does the left ventricle pump to?

Out to the body (aorta)

What are the 2 types of heart valves

1. Cupid Valves/AV Valves (bicuspid(mitral)) and tricuspid)

2. Semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic)

Chordae tendineae

Heart strings that anchor cusps to muscles

Papillary muscles

Cone-like muscles that protrude into the ventricles

Heartbeat

Sounds created by the valves. The lub is the cuspid valves closing, the dub is the semilunar valves closing

SA Node

Tiny mass in the wall of right atrium that sends depolarization signal through atria and sets the pace for the heart as a whole. It is the primary pacemaker

AV Node

Inferior portion of septum between atria and ventricles, it receives impulse from SA node and relays impulse to the lower half of the heart

Bundle of His

Inferior portion of septum

Purkinje Fibers

Continue from bundle branches in septum to apex, then penetrate into ventricle walls. They stimulate the ventricles to contract

Atrial firillation

Irregular beat of the atria

Defibrillation

Your heart stops then restarts, like if you were to restart your phone

Atherosclerosis

Long term and leads to other problems such as heart attacks, kidney failure, etc. It is the hardening of arteries

Myocardial Infarction (Heart attack)

Blood flow stops to part of the heart

Congestive Heart Failure

Blood moving through the heart/body at a slower rate

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain due to coronary heart disease

Heart murmur

Blood flowing rapidly through heart

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Anemia

Not enough red blood cells

Polycythemia

Too many red blood cells, thickens blood and slows the flow

Leuokcytosis

High white blood cell count. Sign of inflammatory response, caused by infection, stress, labor

Leukemia

Cancer of blood cells, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.

What artery gets blocked during a heart attacks (Myocardial Infarction)

Coronary artery, which makes your heart unable to get blood and oxygen.

How do you treat a heart attacks? (Myocardial Infarction)

Angioplasty (splint) or Thrombolysis (clot busting drug)

Mono (Epstein bar virus)

Monocyte cell. 2nd type of lymphocyte, little kids don’t show symptoms but teenagers and adults do. It is spread by saliva, and you have immunity after the first time you have it.

What do platelets do?

They are little chunks of red blood cells that clot blood

What is the force of systolic blood pressure?

The force of the ventricles pumping

What is the force of diastolic blood pressure?

Force of ventricles relaxing

What is normal blood pressure?

120/80

What is the path of air?

Mouth and nose tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

Pulmonary

Lungs

Respiration

Oxygen and glucose

Respiration includes

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

Cellular respiration

Oxyegen is used by the cells, O2 is needed in conversion of glucose (food) to cellular energy (ATP). Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product

Nose

Proivdes airway, moistens and warms air, filters air, resonating chamber for speech, olfactory receptors

Nasal cavity

Air passes through nostrils, nasal septum divides into nasal cavity in midline, connects with pharynx posteriority

Respiratory Mucosa

Protects lungs, keeps organs moist. Mucous cells secrete mucous, serous cells secrete watery fluid with digestive enzymes. Together all these produce a quart/day.

Tongue

8 Interwoven muscles used in the digestive system. Air passes through it. Hooks to only bone without joint (Hyoid)

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

1. Naso (Nasal)

2. Oro (Middle, behind tongue)

3. Laryngo (Voice box)

What does the Pharynx do?

Uvula closes off nasopharynx during swallowing so food doesn’t go into the nose. The epiglottis keeps food out of the airway, and the oro and laryngo are a passageway for food and air.

Emphysema

Damaged alveoli, caused by smoking

Bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchioles, contagious bacteria, excessive mucus

Asthma

Constriction of airway, bronchioles narrow. Caused by allergy, smoking, exercise

What does the larynx include?

Glottis(hole), epiglottis (covering)

Larynx (voicebox)

Produces vocalizations, provides an open airway, and switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels

Trachea (windpipe)

Descends from larynx, flexible for bending but status open despite pressure changes during breathing

Alveoli

Covered in capillaries (gas exchange)

Respiratory zone

End point of respiratory tree, structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called alveoli.

Gas exchange

Air filled alveoli account for most of the lung volume, huge area for gas exchange with the alveolar wall

Pulmonary artery

Only artery without O2

Pulmonary vein

Only vein w/O2

Ventilation

Breathing = pulmonary ventilation. Two phases, inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)

Muscles of Inspiration

During inspiration, the dome shaped diaphragm flattens as it contracts. The external intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs.