Female reproductive system- animal anatomy

what are the 6 important parts of the female reproductive tract

Broad ligament, ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina, and vulva

where does a fertilized egg implant in a litter bearing species reproductive tract

the uterine horn

What does the cervix separate

the uterus and the vagina

what is a sling like structure that suspends the reproductive tract in the abdominal cavity

The broad ligament

What does the mesovarian part of the broad ligament attach ?

it attaches the broad ligament to the overy

what does the mesosalpinx part of the broad ligament attach

the broad ligament to the oviduct

What does the mesometrium part of the broad ligament attach

the broad ligament to the uterus and stretches as the fetus grows

What is the largest part of the broad ligament

mesometrium

What is the broad ligament

a thin sheet of connective tissue that covers the ovaries, uterus, and oviducts, stabilizing their position and anchoring them to the walls and floor of the pelvic cavity.

what is the function of the broad ligament

as support

what are the two regions of the ovary

the cortex and medulla

Where is the cortex part of the ovary located

on the peripheral region

What part of the ovary are follicles housed

the cortex

Where is the medulla located in the ovary

in the central region

what is located in the medulla

numerous blood vessels

what is the exocrine function of the ovary

to produce cells

what is the endocrine function ovary

to produce estrogen and progesterone

what are the two cycles that the ovary experiences

the estrous cycle and the menstrual cycle

what is the estrous cycle

the limited period of time when females are sexually receptive to males

What is the menstrual cycle

the period of the beginning of one menstrua to the next; not including the “ period”

what is folliculogenesis

the development of primordial follicles to their final stage

what is the tunica Albuginea

a supporting connective tissue surrounding follicles

what is the stroma in the ovary

connective tissue surrounding follicles

what are the 8 phases of a primordial follicle to corpus albicans

Primordial follicles, primary follicle, secondary follicle, Developing antral ( tertiary) follicle, Antral ( dominant) follicle, ovulating follicle, Corpus Luteum, and Corpus Albicans

when are the primordial follicles created

when the fetus is developed

what type of cells surround the primordial follicle

squamous epithelial cells

True or False: Cause of stimulation of the development of the primordial follicle is unknown

True

what is the primary follicle made up of/ is

it is an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

what type of cells surrounds the secondary follicle

cuboidal granulosa cells

What is the difference between the primordial follicle and the primary follicle

the type of surrounding cells

What is the difference between the primary follicle and secondary follicle

the secondary follicle has more than one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

what are the changes that appear when the tertiary follicle forms

an antrum begins to form and is filled with follicular fluid, there is an increase in follicular size and smaller pockets of follicular fluid are formed

What produces the follicular fluid

the granulosal cells

what occurs in the Graafian ( dominant ) follicle

the antrum is fully formed, the follicle is large enough to be palpated and the wall of the follicle thins and the egg eventually erupts.

what causes the thinning of the follicular wall

an enzyme that erodes the wall

what connects the granulosal cells

gap junctions

what does the gap junction and finger like projections of granulosa cells do

communicate between cells and communicate with the oocyte

what is the 1st oocyte protein discovered

Growth Differentiation Factor 9 ( GDF-9)

what does the GDF-9 do

directs the oocyte growth

What happens to animals when the GDF-9 is knock out in animals

the follicles cease developing at the primary follicle stage

what are the cumulus cells

granulosa cells withing the cumulus oophorous region, these cells hang tightly to the oocyte even after ovulation

what are the cumulus oophorous

an entire region of cells surrounding the oocytes

what are the two parts of the Theca

the theca interna and theca externa

what separates the theca and the rest of the follicle

a basement membrane

what is one difference between the theca interna and theca externa

the theca interna has blood vessels and capillaries, the theca externa do not

Does the theca interna secrete hormones?

yes

what hormones does the theca interna produce

testosterone

what are the 5 parts of the Oocyte anatomy

Nucleus, Corona Radiata, Zona Pellucida, Vitellus, and Vitelline membrane

what is the vitelline membrane

the cell membrane of the ovulated egg

what is the vitellus

the cytoplasm of an oocyte

what is the zona Pellucida

an area in the oocyte that protects its oocyte

what is the zona pellucida made up of

a protein triplet

what is the purpose of the Zona Pellucida

to regulate which sperm fertilizes the oocyte

what is the Corona Radiata

an single layer of cells that surround the oocyte; these are the cumulus cells that are still attached to the oocyte once ovulation occurred

What is recruitment in folliculogenesis

a group/cohort of follicles that begin to grow

what is an atretic in folliculogenesis

the death of a follicle

what hormone that when present stops follicles from ovulating

progestogen

where does the Progestogen in the folliculogenesis come from

the previous estrus cycles Corpus Luteum

what is luteolysis

the functional and structural degradation of the corpus luteum

what hormone allows follicles to ovulate

The luteinizing hormone

What phases does the follicle go through in folliculogenesis

from recruitment to selected to dominant to either ovulation or atretic

About how many follicles ovulate in female humans until menopause

about 400

What is follicular atresia

the degeneration that a follicle undergoes if not ovulated

what type of follicles does follicular atresia mostly occur in

primay, secondary, tertiary and Graafian follicles

What are the glands involved in the hormonal secretion during the estrous cycle

the hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary gland, Posterior pituitary gland, and the gonadial axis

What is the hormonal secretion during the recruitment part of the estrous cycle

the growing small follicles secretes estrogen which goes to the hypothalamus, it then signals GRNH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland to release a lot of Follicle stimulating hormone and a small amount of Luteinizing hormone

What is the hormonal secretion during the selection part of the estrous cycle

the now medium follicles secrete more estrogen to the hypothalamus, it then signals GRNH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland to release a smaller amount of follicle stimulating hormone and a larger amount of luteinizing hormone

What is the hormonal secretion during the dominance part of the estrous cycle

the dominant follicle releases a larger amount of estrogen to the hypothalamus, it signals GRNH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland to release a smaller amount of follicle stimulating hormone and a larger amount of luteinizing hormone

what is the luteinizing hormone

a hormone produces by gonadotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary gland

what hormone triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum

the luteinizing hormone

what is the definition of ovulation

the purposeful degradation of tissue

FITB: Ovulation is instead due to _____ digestion of the preovulatory follicular wall

enzymatic

what is the place in the ovary where the preovulatory follicular wall starts to digest called

stigma

what are 6 anatomical changes associated with ovulation

increased follicle diameter, dissociation of granulosa cells, granulosa begins to luteinize, oocyte becomes free floating, stigma formation, the basement membrane begins to breakdown

When does meiosis resume of the oocyte

after puberty starts

How many daughter cells are viable in oogenesis and how many are polar bodies

1 is viable and the other 3 are polar bodies

what is the first 2n cell made after egg fertilization

zygote

What is induced ovulation

ovulation where mating is necessary for ovulation to occue

what animals have induced ovulation

rabbits, camels, and cats

what is spontaneous ovulation

ovulation that occurs whether the animal is mated or not

what animals have spontaneous ovulation

humans and livestock

what are the 4 parts of angiogenesis

the basement membrane breaks down, proliferation of capillary endothelial cells, endothelial cell migration and the formation of capillaries from these cells

what is angiogenesis

the creation of new blood vessels very rapidly

other than after ovulation where is angiogenesis present

in tumor formation

what are the 3 stages for Luteal formation

Corpus hemorragicum, Corpus Luteum, and Corpus albicans

what is the corpus hemorragicum

the blood filled remains of a ruptured follicle

True or False: There is a lot of Progestogen production in the Corpus Hemorragicum

false, there is little

What is another name for the Corpus Luteum

yellow body

what is the Corpus Luteum

the formed tissue from the ruptured follicle

True or False: There is a increase production of progestogen in the corpus luteum

true

what is another word from corpus albicans

white body

what is the corpus albicans

a regressed form of the corpus luteum

when does the corpus albicans formed

in the absence of pregnancy

Is there a large or smaller production of progestogen in the corpus albicans

smaller

what are the small luteal cells formed from

theca cells

what are large luteal cells formed from

granulosa cells

what hormone does the granulosa cells release

estrogen

what hormone does the theca cells produce

testosterone

what type of hormones are FSH and LH

gonadotrophins

what hormone stays up once pregnancy occurs

progesterone