AP World CH3 - Princeton Review

Peter the Great

Modernized & Westernized Russia in the 18th century

• Facial hair

• Reduced influence of the boyars (the feudal elite class)

Young Ottomans

Group of would-be reformers in the mid-19th-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.

Young Turks

A movement in the Ottoman Empire that had no connection to Islam

• Pushed for a secular public life & modernization along European lines

• Thought of the OE as a Turkish national state

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lords who lost power under the Meiji Restoration

Selim III

Tried to reform the Ottoman Empire’s army by using European techniques

• Rejected by the Ulama & Janissaries

The Crimean War

Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia

The Enlightenment

Focused on the role of humankind in relation to the government

Montesquieu

Government should contain checks and balances (seperation of powers)

• Spirit of the Laws

Voltaire

Believed in civil liberties (freedom of speech, assembly, sep b/t church+state; right to a fair trial)

Adam Smith

Laissez-faire capitalism & free markets

• Wealth of Nations

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

• Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Immanuel Kant

A German philosopher who argued that enlightenment was the ability to know something without another's guidance.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that humans were naturally good and that government should exist to protect people’s natural rights

• Social contract

• Republic government

Divine Right

Monarchs’ right to rule, given from God

The Mandate of Heaven

Chinese rulers had to act justly and please the heavens, or their rule would be taken away

Social contract

Humans give up some freedom in exchange for a government that protects us

Thomas Hobbes

Thought people were greedy and that government was needed to reserve the peace

• Wanted an all-powerful ruler, a Leviathan

John Locke

Believed humans were good, and that men were created equal and had natural unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property, and that the government had to protect these rights

• The people could replace a bad government

Examples of Enlightened monarchs

• Joseph II (Austria)

• Frederick II (Prussia)

• Catherine the Great (Russia)

Neoclassical period (art)

Art that imitated the balanced, symmetrical style of ancient Greek and Roman architecture

• 1760s - 1850s

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

French + Algonquin & Iroquois vs. British colonists in America

• British colonists felt threatened by France in North America

• Both the French and the British wanted the Ohio River Valley

George Greenville & Charles Townshed

Passed unpopular acts to raise revenue for the British government

• Revenue Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense to support the American revolution

Reasons for France to raise taxes

• The Seven Years War

• The American Revolution

• The War of Spanish Succession

• Excessive spending at Versailles

The Estates-General

An representative body consisted of clergy, nobility, and commoners, meant to advise the king

• Needed to call on in order for Louis XVI to raise taxes (1789)

First, second, and third estate

Clery, nobility, and commoners

The National Assembly

The Third Estate declared themselves this in 1789

• Passed laws representing all people

The Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the France's National Assembly in 1789 where they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was written

The Declarations of the Rights of Man and of Citizen

Passed by the National Assembly

• Influenced by natural rights, the Enlightenment, the American DOI, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Equality before the law & due process

• Abolished the feudal system

• Declared freedom of worship

• France became a nation-state

France’s government after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen

Constitutional monarchy - the king still had executive power

Marie Antoinette’s brother

The Emperor of Austria

• The Austrians and Prussians invaded France to try to restore the monarchy

• Failed

The National Convention (1792-1795)

The new ruling body of France after revolutionaries abolished the monarchy

• Formed the Committee of Public Safety

• Led by radicals known as Jacobians

The Committee of Public Safety

The Reign of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins

• Guillotined anyone who was deemed an “enemy of the revolution”

• Controlled the anarchy & created a strong national military

• Kills TONS of people - even Robespierre

The Directory

A weak 5-man government in France (1795-1799)

• Overthrown by Napoleon and replaced by the Consulate (3 person gov)

The Consulate

A 3-man government in France (1799-1804)

• Napoleon takes away the other 2 men’s power and becomes Consul for Life

Consul for Life/First Consul

Napoleon creates this hereditary, kicking out the 2 other men in the Consulate

• New constitution at this point

Dechristianization (France)

The commitment of revolutionaries to rid France of anything reminescent of the “old France”, especially Chrsitian-related stuff

• Trying to create a secular society from scratch

• New calendar year (from 1792)

• New months associated with temperature/climate

• 10-day weeks (no sundays & great for business owners)

• Religion: the Cult of Reason

Napoleonic Code

A legal code in France of some positive developments

• Due process & equality before the law (males)

• Absolute security of wealth & private property

• Mended relations with the Catholic Church

• Enlightenment ideas

• Reforms for agriculture, infrastructure, and public education

Concordat of 1801

France gives back some of its nationalized land, reestablishes the presence of Catholicism, and normalized relationship between France and the Catholic Church

• Napoleon has the POPE put the crown on his head during his coronation

Napoleon made France an aggressor

Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, making it into a confederacy of German states

• 1804: Napoleon crowned himself emperor of this huge new empire

The Continental System (1806-1814_

The blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce

• Russia pulls out —> failure

Advantages of Britain

• Dominant in trade

• Have tons of economic output

• And a natural barrier: the sea

Napoleon’s Quarrel with the Pope (1809-1814)

Napoleon keeps the Pope under house-arrest for 6 years because he wants papal land in Italy…

French Invasion of Russia (1812)

A failure: Russia is too big and too cold, but Napoleon thinks he can do it (he can’t)

• He is sent to exile

Napoleon’s exile

All the European countries realize they can’t kill him and make him a martyr, but he just needs to be sent away

• He is first sent to the island of Elba, from which he escapes and tries to regain power with his 100 Days campaign

• He loses at the Battle of Waterloo

• He ends up at the Island of Helena

The Congress of Vienna

A meeting of the 5 Great Powers of Western Europe (GB, AUS, PRUS, FR, RUS)

• They want to establish goals and preventing something all the unrest in Europe from happening again (religious wars, revolutionary wars, Napoleonic Wars)

• Question: how do we put Western Europe back together?

• The Napoleonic Wars broke up Europe

• Result: a balance of power

Concert of Europe (1815)

Establishing harmony, peace, and balance in Europe

• Holds until 1914 (WWI)

• Conflicts are mitigated (Crimean War, The Revolutions of 1848, attempted revolutions)

The French Revolution & Nationalism

French nationalism: France was a nation

• Nationalism during the Napoleonic Era as France took over

• Nationalism from the revolution as the French people took action on their anger (Locke)

• Nationalism from territories that were invaded by France

Deism

A new religion that saw God as a watchmaker, who made the world and life with natural laws but didn’t do much afterwards

• Less impact of organized religion

Salons

The place to be to discuss an assigned topic/book/pamphlet

• Some women could participate

Coffee houses

Salons but for the growing middle class

• Idea borrowed from the Ottomans

Classical Liberalism

Government should exist in a limited form

• Laissez-faire

• Civil liberties

• Consent of the governed

• Political equality of all males

• John Locke

New government ideas

• Representative democracy

• Rule of law

• Freedom: of speech, religion, press, assembly, political freedom

• Individual rights

• Consent of the governed

• Etc

Cahier de Doléances

A list of grievances drawn up by the three Estates for when the Estates General met in 1789

Haitian Revolution

The first successful revolution in Latin America

• Led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Jacques Dessalines proclaimed Haiti a free republic in 1804 & named himself governor-general for life

Haiti

A French colony with a majority slave population living in terrible conditions

Grand blancs, petit blancs, and gens de couleur libres

Rich whites, poor whites, and free POC

Toussaint L’Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian revolution

• Wrote the first concitution of Haiti

• Named himself “governor for life”

• Captured by Napoleon's French troops

Results of the Haitian Revolution

• Independence, but still very white-dominanted

• Economically drained: reparations to France and France slaveholders

• All citizens = “Black”

• No more export economy

Social class conflicts in Latin America

• Creoles vs. Peninsulares

• Natives vs. Africans (Mulattoes, Mestizos, Zambos)

• Based on caste system

Juntas

Ruling groups which took control of Spain and Spanish America

• Supposed to be ruling in the name of the King, but are really listning to the Creoles

Creoles

Europeans born in Latin America

Peninsulares

Europeans born in Europe

• Rule Latin America

Simon Bolivar

A revolutionary leader who led Gran Colombia in the rebellion against Spain

• He was appointed as the leader of Venezuela after Napoleon invaded Spain, Joseph Bonaparte was supposed to be the leader of Venezuela, but they rejected him

Jose de San Martin

A Creole who was an independence leader

• Previously an officer for the Spanish army

• United Provinces of Rio de La Plata

• Chile & Peru

Reasons Latin America never unified as one

• Large size

• Distinct regional identities

• Became undemocratic, underdeveloped, impoverished, and generally weak after its independence movements

Brazil

A Portuguese colony where king John VI fled when Napoleon invaded Portugal

John VI & son Pedro I

The king of Portugal who fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal

• His son Pedro I was left to rule the colony after, and declared Brazilian independence, crowning himself emperor & creating a constitution

Father Hildalgo

A Creole in Mexico who supported the Mexican revolution by inviting a revolt against the Spanish government

• Called up on parishioners to rise up against the Spanish + target Creoles

Augustin de Iturbide

A Creole general who leaves the Spanish to join the lower class in 1821, Mexico

• Became emperor of Mexico upon its independence

Leaders of the revolts in Latin America

Creoles against peninsulares or the mother country

Opium Wars (1839-1842 & 1856-1860)

A series of wars between China and Britain over the trade of opium

• China banned it, angering Britain

• They go to war

• Result: Treaty of Nanjing & other “unequal treaties”

• Lead to spheres of influence within this weakened China

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

China signed this after losing the Opium War in 1842

• Opened up treaties to the West

• Lost Hong Kong to Britain

• An “unequal treaty”

Commander Xiu Zexu

A “drug czar” who led the campaign against opium use in China

The Taiping Uprising

An uprising in China that set the country aflame

• Wanted genuine revolutionary change

• Led by Hong Xiuquan (younger brother of Jesus)

• Against the Manchu leaders

• Wanted reforms for women, the end of opium smoking, and land redistribution

• Failed and weakened China

Military imperialism

• Opium Wars

• British industrialized military vs. non-industrialized China

Economic imperialism

• Britain & the US in Latin America

• Dependent economies after independence movements, loans, etc

• Peripheral society

Political economy

• Britain in India (Mughal Empire weakened)

• Most direct form of imperialism

Neo-Europes

Settler colonies with established populations of Europeans

• North America

• Australia

• New Zealand

• Latin America

Qualities of colonies

• Low native population density

• Temperate climate (for natural resources & crops)

Settler colonies

• Australia: a penal colony for Britains who couldn’t afford to go home after their time ended

• New Zealand: found by James Cook (British, 1840)

• South Africa: Dutch in the 1600s (Boers) and British in the 1800s

Examples of Imperialism

• Britain in Africa (Egypt & South Africa)

• France & Britain in Southeast Asia

• Britain in India

Causes of imperialism

• Money

• Prestige (Great Power status)

• Because they can

• Humanitarian: White Man’s Burden, Rudyard Kipling

• Strategic (British in Egypt to have the Suez canal)

• Money (trade/greed; Belgian control of Congo - King Leopold’s rubber colony)

Places that remained free

• Ethiopia

• Thailand (Siam)

• Liberia

A major factor that allows for British imperialization of India

Weakening Mughal Empire

Fronts of the Seven Years War

Fighting in India, Europe, and the Americas

British East India Company in India

Colonizes India through alliances with Indian princes

• Treat people terribly

Sepoys

Indians who served as soldiers for the British East India Company

• Led to the Indian Revolt of 1857

Indian Revolt of 1857/Sepoy Rebellion

A rebellion in India caused by rumors that the Sepoys’ gun cartridges were smeared with pig & cow fat, which was offensive to Muslims & Hindus

• Led to the British government actually stepping in & establishing the British Raj in 1858

The British Raj

Full direct political control of India by Britain after the Sepoy Rebellion

• India is now fully part of the British empire

Life in the British Raj

• British live there but as an elite & separate class

• Fight for independence grows among educated Indians, who form the National Congress Party

Berlin Conference (1884)

A meeting of European powers to set up rules to slow down imperialism and prevent conflict

• Does the opposite and leads to the “scramble for Africa”/ the Partition of Africa

• Hosted by Otto von Bismark

Suez Canal

Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red Sea

• Instead of going all the way around Africa

Muhammad Ali

The father of modern Egypt who worked to industrialize Egypt

• Made Egypt the major exporter of finished textiles

Egypt & Britain trade item

Egypt was forced to be exporters of raw cotton through relations with Britain

Ismail Pasha

A Khedive who ruled Egypt after Ali, focusing on modernizing Egypt

• Wanted to make Egypt like Europe, copying cities such as Vienna

Egyptian loans

The efforts to Europeanize Egypt were expensive, so they had to take out loans from Europe

• They were unable to pay these loans & had to sell shares of the Suez Canal

Dual Control

Established by France & Britain in Egypt in 1876

• Leads to Egyptian/Arab nationalism & a revolt that is squashed by Britain’s military

Egypt as a British Protectorate

Britain doesn’t want the Ottoman Empire to take control of the Suez Canal & Egypt