Pathophysiology Module 5: Hypo & Hyper Electrolytes

Hyponatremia

Causes:

-Deficient sodium

- Excessive water (too much ADH)

Manifestations:

- Neuromuscular ( muscle weakness)

- GI (N, V, D,)

- Hypovolemia

- Hypervolemia (more fluid that dilutes sodium)

Hypernatremia

Causes:

- Excessive sodium (>145)

- Deficient water

Manifestations:

- Neuromuscular (muscle cramps)

- Hypovolemia (decreased u/o trying to reach homeostasis)

Hypokalemia

Causes:

- Excessive K+ loss

- Deficient K+ intake

- Things that cause a shift of K+ in body (alkolosis)

Manifestations:

- Cardiac (flattened T-waves, presence of U-wave, weak irregular pulse)

- GI (decreased motility)

- Neuromuscular (parenthesia, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, confusion)

Hyperkalemia

Causes:

- Deficient K+ excretion

- Excessive K+ intake

- Things that cause a shift of K+ in body (acidosis; trauma or MI causing cell death)

Manifestations:

- Cardiac (tall peaked T-waves, bradycardia)

- GI (increased GI motility, -N, D)

- Neuromuscular (flaccid paralysis, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, anxiety)

Hypocalcemia

Causes:

- Deficient Ca+ intake or release from bone

- Excessive Ca+ losses

Manifestations:

- Trousseau's sign

- Chvostek's sign

- Decreased bone density

Hypecalcemia

Causes:

- Excessive Ca+ intake or release from bone

- Deficient Ca+ excretion (renal failure)

Manifestations:

- Muscle weakness

- N. V. C

- Polynuria

Hypomagnesemia

Causes:

- Deficient Mg+ intake (<1.3) (alcoholism, malnutrition)

- Excessive Mg+ excretion (diuretics, diarrhea)

Manifestations:

- Hypocalcemia

Hypermagnesemia

Causes:

- Excessive Mg+ intake (>2.1)

- Deficient Mg+ excretion

Manifestations:

- Hypercalcemia

Hypophosphatemia

Causes:

- Same as hypercalcemia

Manifestations:

- Same as hypercalcemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Causes:

- same as hypocalcemia

Manifestations:

- same as hypocalcemia