Studied by 0 peoplegiga
G - 10^9
mega
M - 10^6
kilo
K - 10^3
deci
d - 10^-1
centi
c - 10^-2
milli
m - 10^-3
micro
llu - 10^-6
nano
n - 10^-9
Electronegativity
How well an element attracts electrons, highest point is far right corner, fluorine is highest since noble gases aren't included (don't want to attract any more electrons since they have enough) helium, increases to right and up, group 17 has 7 valence electrons so they want to attract another electron to complete the octet, if 2 elements are equally distant then the one higher up (lower periodic number) will have more electronegativity
Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron, highest is helium can only remove 1 electron at a time, makes it positive/cation most is top right corner just like electronegativity, if 2 elements are the same distance then it is not possible to tell like o and ci there distance is equal and cannot be determined which has a higher ionization energy, exceptions are groups 2 to groups 13 and groups 15 to 16, beryllium is greater than boron and nitrogen is greater than oxygen
Electron Affinity
Energy required to add an electron (opposite of Ionization Energy), makes it negative/anion, fluorine is has most electron affinity, exceptions are groups 1 to 2, groups 14 to 15, halogens have highest, noble gases have a lower ionization energy
Atomic Radius
One half the distance between the nucleus', it increases as it goes to the left and down so francium has the highest
Ion Size
Ion Size increases down the groups closer to the bottom, anions then neutral then cations, if equal then the one with more electrons is greater
Metallic Character
How closely an element's properties match those of a metal (malleable, good conductors, ionize easily, shiny, reflect light), bottom left corner is greatest
How many orbitals and electrons in S?
2 electrons and 1 orbital
How many orbitals and electrons in P?
6 electrons and 3 orbitals
How many orbitals and electrons in D?
10 electrons and 5 orbitals
How many orbitals and electrons in F?
14 electrons and 7 orbitals
Paramagnetic
unpaired electrons
Diamagnetic
paired electrons, all electron orbitals must be full
Orbital Diagram
Fill each orbital section (psdf) from left to right and go back with remaining electrons and fill them in
Cation
positive
Anion
negative
23.3753-2.45=
22.93
How many sig figs in 1.89x10^3
3, 1890
54.34+45.66 has how many sig figs
5
Celsius to Kelvin equation
C=K-273
What is the metric prefix for 1/1000
m
What is a flow of energy due to a temperature difference?
heat
Energy due to motion is called
kinetic energy
Heat is typically measured in
joules
Exothermic reactions transfer energy
from system to surroundings
Endothermic reactions transfer energy
from surroundings to system
The amount of heat required to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 C is called
specific heat capacity
K to C equation
K=C+273
35.6+56.27=
91.9
How many sig figs in 4.7336 + 0.289 + 3.630?
3
P waves
cause ground to compress and expand, travel fastest and are first to arrive from earthquake, can travel through solid, liquid, and gas
S waves
shear waves, move ground up and down or from side to side, can only travel through solids, not as fast as p waves
Lithosphere
crust and uppermost part of upper mantle
Asthenosphere
carries the lithosphere, a soft hot layer of rock
Convection currents
Convection Currents happen in the Asthenosphere that pull the plates along
battery
electrical
sun
nuclear/radiant
wire from satellite
electrical
fan spinning
mechanical
divergent plate boundaries
convergent plate boundaries
-----> <-----, When 2 plates collide â—‹ 2 types Continental to Continental - When 2 plates of the continental crust collide and buckle and thicken which causes mountain to form Continental to Oceanic - When a plate of ocean crust collides with a plate, the ocean crust is more thick and subducts or goes underneath the continental crust, magma from melted oceanic crust rises to the surface which results in volcanoes along the boundary Ocean to Ocean - When 2 plates of oceanic crusts collide, the more dense and older plate subducts under the younger create which causes the crust to melt and create an island arc
transform plate boundaries
VA, When 2 plates move past each other horizontally, when plates move next to each other they do not pass each other smoothly, they scrape each other in slippages which can be felt as earthquakes Do not produce magma San Andreas fault is a major transform boundary
what is the most abundant element in Earth
oxygen
the atom with 69 neutrons and 50 protons has a mass number of
119
the mass number of an atom equals
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons per atom
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its
atomic number
an atom with 45 protons has a mass number of 100, how many neutrons does it have
55
an ion always contains an
unequal number of protons and electrons
two atoms are isotopes if they contain
the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
potential energy
energy available by virtue of an object's position or composition (stored), energy before it is being used, a battery, gravitational potential energy
kinetic energy
energy due to motion of an object, mechanical energy, electrical energy, chemical light, thermal/heat energy, radiant/light energy (lightbulb or sun or rays of sun, inside of sun is nuclear energy)
mixing water of different temperatures
(mass x temp) + (mass x temp)/mass1 + mass2
density
mass/volume
distance is measured in what
meter, m
mass is measured in what
kilograms, kg
time is measured in what
seconds, s
temperature is measured in what
kelvin, k
the amount of a substance is measured in what
mole, mol
atomic number
protons
mass number
protons and neutrons
number of particles in the nucleus
protons and neutrons or mass number
number of neutrons
mass number - atomic number
proton
nucleus, +, 1amu, identity of atom --> atomic number
neutron
nucleus, neutral, 1amu, isotype
electron
electron cloud, - , 0amu,
molar mass
multiply atomic weight by a number if there are multiple elements, then add all atomic weights together, answer is grams/mole
energy
the ability to do work - motion, heat, light, sound
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy can't be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form into another form
layers of Earth
Crust - Lithosphere Upper Mantle - Lithosphere and Asthenosphere (depending on layer) Lower Mantle - Asthenosphere Outer Core Inner Core
conduction
CONTACT, energy is transferred by direct contact, 2 objects touch that have different temperatures, example is touching hot pan
convection
energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules, hot air rises, cools, cool air falls, travels through liquid or gas, must have something that is making air like a fan, example is how in a bowl boiling water the water that is on the bottom closest to the fire is more hot than the water closer to the top which is cooler as it cooled down
radiation
energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation, transfer through waves, example is putting hand near fire and feeling warmth, does not require matter to transfer thermal energy
q=mcat
equation for amount of heat gained or lost, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, t is temperature change
c
cal, 1000cal=1Cal, 1 cal = 4.184 joules
C
Cal, 1000c=1Cal, 1Cal = 4.184 kilojoules
heat
energy that is transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature, symbolizes by Q, flows from warmer to cooler objects
plate tectonics
large plates of the lithosphere, as the asthenosphere moves it drags along the tectonic plates, about 15 major tectonic plates on Earth,
Isoelectronic
Isoelectronic = same electron configuration and same number of electron
Note 
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