Chemistry Honors Final

Chemistry Honors Semester 1 Final Study Guide

giga

G - 10^9

mega

M - 10^6

kilo

K - 10^3

deci

d - 10^-1

centi

c - 10^-2

milli

m - 10^-3

micro

llu - 10^-6

nano

n - 10^-9

Electronegativity

How well an element attracts electrons, highest point is far right corner, fluorine is highest since noble gases aren't included (don't want to attract any more electrons since they have enough) helium, increases to right and up, group 17 has 7 valence electrons so they want to attract another electron to complete the octet, if 2 elements are equally distant then the one higher up (lower periodic number) will have more electronegativity

Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove an electron, highest is helium can only remove 1 electron at a time, makes it positive/cation most is top right corner just like electronegativity, if 2 elements are the same distance then it is not possible to tell like o and ci there distance is equal and cannot be determined which has a higher ionization energy, exceptions are groups 2 to groups 13 and groups 15 to 16, beryllium is greater than boron and nitrogen is greater than oxygen

Electron Affinity

Energy required to add an electron (opposite of Ionization Energy), makes it negative/anion, fluorine is has most electron affinity, exceptions are groups 1 to 2, groups 14 to 15, halogens have highest, noble gases have a lower ionization energy

Atomic Radius

One half the distance between the nucleus', it increases as it goes to the left and down so francium has the highest

Ion Size

Ion Size increases down the groups closer to the bottom, anions then neutral then cations, if equal then the one with more electrons is greater

Metallic Character

How closely an element's properties match those of a metal (malleable, good conductors, ionize easily, shiny, reflect light), bottom left corner is greatest

How many orbitals and electrons in S?

2 electrons and 1 orbital

How many orbitals and electrons in P?

6 electrons and 3 orbitals

How many orbitals and electrons in D?

10 electrons and 5 orbitals

How many orbitals and electrons in F?

14 electrons and 7 orbitals

Paramagnetic

unpaired electrons

Diamagnetic

paired electrons, all electron orbitals must be full

Orbital Diagram

Fill each orbital section (psdf) from left to right and go back with remaining electrons and fill them in

Cation

positive

Anion

negative

23.3753-2.45=

22.93

How many sig figs in 1.89x10^3

3, 1890

54.34+45.66 has how many sig figs

5

Celsius to Kelvin equation

C=K-273

What is the metric prefix for 1/1000

m

What is a flow of energy due to a temperature difference?

heat

Energy due to motion is called

kinetic energy

Heat is typically measured in

joules

Exothermic reactions transfer energy

from system to surroundings

Endothermic reactions transfer energy

from surroundings to system

The amount of heat required to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 C is called

specific heat capacity

K to C equation

K=C+273

35.6+56.27=

91.9

How many sig figs in 4.7336 + 0.289 + 3.630?

3

P waves

cause ground to compress and expand, travel fastest and are first to arrive from earthquake, can travel through solid, liquid, and gas

S waves

shear waves, move ground up and down or from side to side, can only travel through solids, not as fast as p waves

Lithosphere

crust and uppermost part of upper mantle

Asthenosphere

carries the lithosphere, a soft hot layer of rock

Convection currents

Convection Currents happen in the Asthenosphere that pull the plates along

battery

electrical

sun

nuclear/radiant

wire from satellite

electrical

fan spinning

mechanical

divergent plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

----->

transform plate boundaries

VA, When 2 plates move past each other horizontally, when plates move next to each other they do not pass each other smoothly, they scrape each other in slippages which can be felt as earthquakes
Do not produce magma
San Andreas fault is a major transform boundary

what is the most abundant element in Earth

oxygen

the atom with 69 neutrons and 50 protons has a mass number of

119

the mass number of an atom equals

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons per atom

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its

atomic number

an atom with 45 protons has a mass number of 100, how many neutrons does it have

55

an ion always contains an

unequal number of protons and electrons

two atoms are isotopes if they contain

the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

potential energy

energy available by virtue of an object's position or composition (stored), energy before it is being used, a battery, gravitational potential energy

kinetic energy

energy due to motion of an object, mechanical energy, electrical energy, chemical light, thermal/heat energy, radiant/light energy (lightbulb or sun or rays of sun, inside of sun is nuclear energy)

mixing water of different temperatures

(mass x temp) + (mass x temp)/mass1 + mass2

density

mass/volume

distance is measured in what

meter, m

mass is measured in what

kilograms, kg

time is measured in what

seconds, s

temperature is measured in what

kelvin, k

the amount of a substance is measured in what

mole, mol

atomic number

protons

mass number

protons and neutrons

number of particles in the nucleus

protons and neutrons or mass number

number of neutrons

mass number - atomic number

proton

nucleus, +, 1amu, identity of atom --> atomic number

neutron

nucleus, neutral, 1amu, isotype

electron

electron cloud, - , 0amu,

molar mass

multiply atomic weight by a number if there are multiple elements, then add all atomic weights together, answer is grams/mole

energy

the ability to do work - motion, heat, light, sound

Law of Conservation of Energy

energy can't be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form into another form

layers of Earth

Crust - Lithosphere
Upper Mantle - Lithosphere and Asthenosphere (depending on layer)
Lower Mantle - Asthenosphere
Outer Core
Inner Core

conduction

CONTACT, energy is transferred by direct contact, 2 objects touch that have different temperatures, example is touching hot pan

convection

energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules, hot air rises, cools, cool air falls, travels through liquid or gas, must have something that is making air like a fan, example is how in a bowl boiling water the water that is on the bottom closest to the fire is more hot than the water closer to the top which is cooler as it cooled down

radiation

energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation, transfer through waves, example is putting hand near fire and feeling warmth, does not require matter to transfer thermal energy

q=mcat

equation for amount of heat gained or lost, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, t is temperature change

c

cal, 1000cal=1Cal, 1 cal = 4.184 joules

C

Cal, 1000c=1Cal, 1Cal = 4.184 kilojoules

heat

energy that is transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature, symbolizes by Q, flows from warmer to cooler objects

plate tectonics

large plates of the lithosphere, as the asthenosphere moves it drags along the tectonic plates, about 15 major tectonic plates on Earth,

Isoelectronic

Isoelectronic = same electron configuration and same number of electron