Circulatory + Lymphatic Systems

Circulation

the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels, and the flow of lymph through the lymph vessels.

Diffusion

the natural movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to random molecular motion.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.

Cyclosis

the circular movement of cytoplasm within a cell, influenced by the cytoskeleton forces.

Aortic Arches

the segment of the aorta that helps distribute blood to the head and upper extremities via the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery.

Ventral Blood Vessel

a long vessel and runs ventrally below the alimentary canal and above the ventral nerve cord from second segment up to the last segment of the body. It is thin- walled without muscles and valves.

Capillaries

delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body. They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your vascular system.

Dorsal Blood Vessel

the major structural component of an insect's circulatory system. This tube runs longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen, along the inside of the dorsal body wall.

Closed Circulatory System

The blood is enclosed in the vessels and the heart while circulating. The blood travels through arteries and veins and carries important molecules throughout the body.

Open Circulatory System

the blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels, but is pumped into a cavity called a hemocoel. The blood is called hemolymph because it mixes with the interstitial fluid.

Valves

flaps (leaflets) that act as one-way inlets for blood coming into a ventricle and one-way outlets for blood leaving a ventricle.

Human Circulatory System

made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

Red Blood Cells

Other name: erythrocytes

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.

White Blood Cells

Other name: Leukocytes

part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. Types of white blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells).

Hemoglobin

A protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs

Platelets

small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. Platelets are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside our bones. Bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Plasma

The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma.

Arteries

A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body.

Pulse

the rhythmic contraction and dilation of the arteries resulting from the beating of the heart. As the heart pumps blood into the arteries, the arteries expand and contract along with the flow of the blood. The pulse is thus the rate at which the heart beats

Aorta

The largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to vessels that reach the rest of the body.

Veins

blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart. Veins are part of your circulatory system. They work together with other blood vessels and your heart to keep your blood moving. Veins hold most of the blood in your body

Cardiac Muscle

makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle.

Septum

a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate.

Atrium/Atria

one of the two upper chambers in the heart that receives blood from the circulatory system. The blood in the atria is pumped into the heart ventricles through the atrioventricular mitral and tricuspid heart valves.

Ventricle

muscular chamber that pumps blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system.

Pulmonary Circulation

the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation.

Pulmonary Artery

blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs.

Pulmonary Vein

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart.

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump. The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.

Atrioventricular Node (AV)

The electrical relay station between the upper and lower chambers of the heart.

Blood Pressure

The force of circulating blood on the walls of the arteries.

Systole

period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle

Diastole

the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood.

Atherosclerosis

thickening or hardening of the arteries.

Hypertension

a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure

Heart Attack

Other name: Coronary Thrombosis

happens when the flow of blood that brings oxygen to a part of your heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked. Your heart can't get enough oxygen. If blood flow is not restored quickly, the heart muscle will begin to die.

Stroke

a loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which damages brain tissue. Strokes are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain.

Anemia

a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells. If you have anemia, your body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. The lack of oxygen can make you feel tired or weak.

Immunity

the immune system's way of protecting the body against an infectious disease

Lymphatic System

part of the immune system. It keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. Lymphatic vessels, tissues, organs, and glands work together to drain a watery fluid called lymph from throughout the body.

Lymph

The fluid in the body that plays a large role in the immune system. Lymph is made of: White blood cells, primarily lymphocytes - which are responsible for attacking bacteria in the blood.

Interstitial Fluid

Other name: Inter Cellular Fluid

Fluid found in the spaces around cells.

Lymph Vessels

tube-like structures that carry fluid (called lymph) away from the tissues to deliver it back into the blood's circulation.

Lymph Nodes/Glands

A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.

Pathogens

an organism causing disease to its host

Antigen

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance. Antigens include toxins, chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or other substances that come from outside the body.

Antibody

A protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen. Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen.

Physical and Chemical Barriers

Mechanical barriers — which include the skin , mucous membranes , and fluids such as tears and urine — physically block pathogens from entering the body. Chemical barriers — such as enzymes in sweat , saliva , and semen — kill pathogens on body surfaces.

Inflammatory Response

occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause.

Phagocytes

A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells. It can also boost immune responses.

Lymphocytes

a type of white blood cell in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include T cells, B cells, and innate lymphoid cells, of which natural killer cells are an important subtype.

Active Immunity

results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Active immunity can be acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity.

Passive Immunity

A type of immunity that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through his or her own immune system. For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk.

T Cells

A type of white blood cell. T cells are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer.