Chapter 1 (lectures)

Anatomy

Anatomy

Study of structure and how parts are related to one another

Physiology

Study of the function of the body, how parts work and perform life-sustaining function.

Complementary structure and function

What something can do based how it’s structure

1. epithelial tissue

2. muscle tissue

3. nervous tissue

4. connective tissue

Four types of tissue

Chemical

Most basic level of organization

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. organ system

6. organism

Six levels of organization, simplest to most complex

Interdependent

Cells cannot function without the other

1. Maintaining boundaries

2. Movement

3. responsiveness (excitability): detect/respond to change in environment. homeostasis.

4. digestion

5. Metabolism

6. excretion

7. reproduction: cell and person level

8. growth: cellular reproduction

Eight requirements for life

1. Nutrients

2. Oxygen: Required to make ATP, most reactions in the body

3. Water: fluid balance. Body is 50-60% water

4. Normal body temperature (37)

5. Atmospheric pressure

Five survival needs that must be present to meet needs of he body

Hypothermia

Body gets too cold. Can slow reactions, which will eventually stops metabolism

Hyperthermia

Body gets too hot. Speeds reactions, eventually cannot function.

Homeostasis

A dynamic state of equilibrium, body keeps internal condition relatively stable. Core of body functions.

Homeostatic control (endocrine system and nervous system)

Cells and organ systems communicate with one another to ensure homeostasis is maintained.

Receptor

Thing that senses when something is off (homeostasis). Is continually sending signals to control center.

Afferent pathway

Pathway in which receptor is continually sending signals to the control centre

Control centre

Place n the body that controls area being monitored. Compares information given by receptor to the desired level (set point)

Set point

Desired level of something in order to maintain homeostasis. Control centre compares it to data received by receptor.

Efferent pathway

When data is out of range (homeostatic imbalance), control centre sends signals along this pathway to effector.

Effector

Effects change when homeostatic imbalance. Control centre sends it signals along the efferent pathway, provides feedback

Feedback loop

Information from receptor provides feedback to effector that causes a change in function

Negative feedback

Variable changes in opposite direction to initial change. Feedback prevents severe change.

Positive feedback (ex: blood clotting, oxytocin when giving birth)

Feedback enhances original response. Gets further from starting point.

Homeostatic imbalance

Core of all disease; issue with negative feedback loop

Ventral body cavity

Cavity contains internal organs

Viscera

Collective name of internal organs

1. Thoracic cavity

2. Abdominal cavity

Separated by diaphragm

Two main cavities in ventral cavity

1. Two lateral plural cavities (lungs)

2. Mediastinum

Sub cavities of the thoracic cavity

Serosa (serous membrane)

Double layered membrane that lines walls of ventral cavity andouter surface of visceral organs

Parietal serosa

Lines the cavity walls. Outer layer of balloon in balloon demo.

Visceral serosa

surrounds organs. Inner layer of balloon touching hand in demo.

Serous fluid

Fluid provides lubrication in serous cavity. Avoids friction

Serous cavity

Space between parietal and visceral serosa. Air in balloon in demo. Fillled with fluid.

1. Right upper quadrant

2. Left upper quadrant

3. Right lower quadrant

4. Left lower quadrant

Four abdominopelvic quadrants