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Growth and Nutrition in Early Childhood
Children aged 2-6 grow about 3 inches and gain 4-5 pounds per year.
Obesity in Early Childhood
1 in 5 American children between ages 2 and 5 are overweight or obese.
Myelination
The development of myelin in the brain, which continues into early childhood.
Synaptic Pruning
The loss of unused synapses, making neural processes more efficient.
Egocentrism
The tendency of young children to see the world only from their own perspective.
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities.
Centration
Focusing on one characteristic of a situation while ignoring others.
Conservation
Understanding that changing an object's appearance does not change its basic properties.
Theory of Mind
Understanding that others have beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions different from one's own.
Marshmallow Test
A test to assess a child's ability for delayed gratification.
Zone of Proximal Development
The range of material that a child can learn with proper support.
Scaffolding
Providing necessary assistance to support a child in learning a new skill.
Looking-glass Self
The concept that we develop our self-concept based on how we think others perceive us.
Self-control
The ability to inhibit responses and delay gratification.
Oedipus Complex
A child's attraction to the opposite-sex parent in Freudian theory.
Electra Complex
A girl's sense of competition with her mother for her father's attention.
Family Life
Different parenting styles influence child development significantly.
Authoritarian Parenting
A strict parenting style where obedience is expected without explanation.
Permissive Parenting
A parenting style where parents are more of a friend than a disciplinary figure.
Authoritative Parenting
A balanced approach, combining strictness with affection and negotiation.
Negative Punishment
Removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Toxic Stress
Chronic stress that exceeds a child's ability to cope, leading to negative outcomes.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Traumatic events in childhood that have long-lasting effects on a child's mental health.
Fast-mapping
The process by which children rapidly learn new words by connecting them to existing concepts.
Delayed Gratification
The ability to wait for a preferred reward rather than taking a lesser reward immediately.
Vygotsky's Theory
Emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.
Freud's Anal Stage
Developmental stage where pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder control.
Imaginative Play
Play that involves creativity and fantasy, important for social and emotional development.
Gender Stereotyping
Overgeneralizing about the traits and behaviors expected of men and women.
Cognitive Development Limitations
Includes egocentrism, animism, centration, and conservation errors.
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