Fundamental Particles.

Notes about quarks

In the 1960s to early 1970s, scientists discovered that protons and neutrons are composite particles which are made up of Elementary/fundamental particles called quarks and gluons 

NB: Elementary particles cannot be split apart into smaller particles

quarks can be observed, but cannot be isolated that is why scientists use gigantic particle accelerator to speed up electrons to Probe depths atomic nuclei is electrons go deep enough within an atomic nucleus, electrons will scatter off works then the position and the speed of the quarks can be measured using sophisticated detectors

Classifications of composite/elementary particles

-All particles (composite /elementary)  Can be classified based on their spin or classified based on their hardons.

Hardon- particles that are made of multiple quarks and interact via strong nuclear force.

Classification based on spin: to fermions and bosons

-Fermions are two types of baryons such as protons or neutrons and leptons such as electrons

- bosons such as mesons, gluons and photons

Classification based on their hardons to Baryons and mesons: 

-Baryon (3 quark particles such as protons/neutrons)

-mesons (2 quark particles)

number of quarks that protons and netrons vs mesons are made of 3 vs 2

Types of Quarks

Quarks are Elementary particles that come in the following basic classifications:

1.  fractional charges:

- quarks have charges of +⅔  or - ⅓

2. Type (flavours)

-There are six types of “flavors” of quarks 

• Up (U)

• Down (D)

• Charm (C)

• Strange (S) 

• Top (T)

• Bottom (B)

3. Colours

-Quarks come in three colors red, green, and blue

Why baryons are colorless

Baryon (like protons and neutrons) are colorless because the 3 colors cancel out, forming a neutral combination.

Answers

 

8.	write a mathematical equation to show how:  fractional charges of QUARKS add up to charge of a PROTON (fraction + fraction + fraction = ___)	⅔+⅔+⅓=1
9.	write a mathematical equation to show how:  fractional charges of QUARKS add up to charge of a NEUTRON (fraction + fraction + fraction = ___)	⅔-⅓-⅓=0

 

10.	2 characteristics used to classify quarks:  first has 6 types, second has 3 types ( ___ & ___ )	flavours & colours

Types of Bosons

1.  gluons:

- carry the strong force ( also called Color Force)

- bind quarks together inside protons and neutrons

2.  photons:

- packets of electromagnetic radiation

- carry the electromagnetic force (EM  force)

3. W/Z  bosons:

- mediate the weak Force

- responsible for processes like radioactive decay

4.   gravitons:

- hypothetical particles that carry  the gravitational force

- still theoretical;  not yet directly detected

Answers

 

11.

3 fundamental forces "carried" by following 3 bosons:  gluon, photon, W/Z ( & & __ )

Strong & electromagnetic & weak

 

12.

fundamental force that leptons DO NOT experience vs  fundamental force that leptons DO experience ( vs )

Strong vs electromagnetic

Electrons

The most familiar type of all the 6 types of leptons

Type of Leptons

1.  Electrons (e)

- found in atoms and are the most common type of lepton

2. Muon (u)

- same charge as electrons but has a much heavier Mass

3. Tau (t)

- like the muon,  it has the same charge as an electron and has a heavier mass

4. Electrons neutrinos (ve) 

-Have no charge and are nearly massless making them difficult to detect

5. Muon Neutrinos (vu)

-  produced and high energy processes such as nuclear reactions

6. Tau Neutrinos (vt)

-Same as muon neutrinos 

Key differences between quarks and leptons

Quarks:

- experience both strong and electromagnetic forces 

Leptons:

- experience the electromagnetic force but are not large enough to experience the strong nuclear force 

 

14.	how are muon/tau neutrinos produced vs  what interaction do these neutrinos have with our bodies  ( vs )	Sun vs pass through
15.	what is the name for the TRIUMF device at UBC  vs  what subatomic particle is being accelerated ( vs )	Cyclotron vs proton

Fun facts

Fun facts 

-Neutrinos (both muon and tau) are so abundant that trillions of them pass through our bodies each second particularly produced and high energy reactions like those in the Sun

Local Particle Accelerator: 

TRIUMF Cyclotron (located  at UBC):

- built to research particles that make up matter

- electromagnet accelerate protons to extraordinary speeds

- proton beams Collide and collision data is collected