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Hypotonic solutions
Solutions that has the LOWER tonicity than serum and other body fluids
<0.9% NaCl w/v
Swelling or Lysis
Cell effect of Hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic solutions
Solutions that has HIGHER tonicity than serum and other body fluids
>0.9% NaCl w/v
Shrinking or Crenation
Cell effect of Hypertonic solutions
Isotonic solutions
Solutions that has the SAME tonicity as serum and other body fluids
0.9% NaCl w/v
Normal
Cell effect of Isotonic solutions
Class I methods
Class II methods
Methods of Adjusting Tonicity
Class I methods
Addition of NaCl or Tonicity Adjusting Agent
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method
Class I methods
Class II methods
Addition of H20
White Vincent method
Sprowls method
Class II methods
Freezing Point Depression Method
Cryoscopic method is also known as?
Cryoscopic method
An amount of tonicity adjuster (e.g. sodium chloride) is added to drug solution such that the final freezing point lowering is that of blood or serum
0.76 g
Sample problem: ISOTONICITY
Calculate the amount of sodium chloride that is required to give 100 mL of a 1% solution of apomorphine hydrochloride isotonic with blood. The freezing point depression of 1% solution of apomorphine hydrochloride is 0.08掳C
0.183 g NaCl
Sample problem: ISOTONICITY
How many grams of sodium chloride are needed to adjust 30mL of a 1% Phenylephrine solution to isotonicity. The freezing point depression of a 1% solution of phenylephrine HCl is 0.17掳C
Sodium chloride equivalent method
In this method, the quantity of drug is multiplied by a factor, E, whose product is equal to the quantity of NaCl having similar osmotic pressure as that of the drug
E-value: amount of sodium chloride which has the same osmotic effect as 1 gram of drug
E-value
Amount of sodium chloride which has the same osmotic effect as 1 gram of drug
Step 1: amount of the drug x E value
Step 2: 0.9% x volume of solution in mL
Step 3: Step 2- Step 1
** Step 4: Step 3 / E value of the tonicity adjusting agent
Steps of Sodium chloride equivalent method
0.204 g NaCl
Sample problem: ISOTONICITY
How many grams of NaCl should be used in compounding the following prescription?
Rx 1
Pilocarpine nitrate (E=0.22) 0.3 g
NaCl q.s.
Purified water q.s. ad. 30 mL
Make isotonic solution
Sig for eyes
1.08 g of Boric Acid
Sample problem: ISOTONICITY
How many grams of boric acid should be used in compounding the prescription?
Rx 2
Phenacaine HCl (E= 0.17) 0.6 g
Chlorobutanol (E=0.18) 0.3 g
Boric acid (E=0.52) qs
Purified water q.s. ad. 80 mL
Make isotonic solution
Sig one drop in each eye
White Vincent Method
USP method
This method calculates the volume of an isotonic solution of a drug that can be prepared by dissolving the drug in a proper amount of water
V = Weight (grams) x E value x 111.1
11.1 mL
Sample problem: ISOTONICITY
Chloramphenicol (MW 323.13 g/mole, Liso =2) 1g
Sterile water for injection, q.s. ad 100 mL
M. ft. isotonic solution
*Use E value of 0.10
18 mL
Sample problem: ISOTONICITY
Make the following preparation solution isotonic with respect to an ideal membrane.
Phenacaine hydrochloride 0.06 g
Boric acid 0.30 g
Sterilized distilled water q.s. 100.0 mL
(E for boric acid = 0.50, E for phenacaine hydrochloride = 0.20)
Martin-Sprowls Method
Sprowl鈥檚 method is also known as?
Sprowl鈥檚 method
Simplified version of White Vincent Method
V= 0.3g x E x 111.1
V = Weight (grams) x E value x 111.1
Formula of White Vincent Method
Formula of E value: E = 17 x (Liso/MW)
V= 0.3g x E x 111.1
Formula of Sprowls Method