vmt quiz

virus

submicroscopic infectious agents

virion

A virus that is completely assembled, capable of infection

inner nucleic acid core

DNA or RNA

capsid

outer casing of protein

envelope

optional extra layer

replication cycle

• Step 1: Attachment  

• Attach to surface of host cell by binding to cell receptor  

• Step 2: Entry  

• Moves across cell membrane 

• Step 3: Uncoating 

• Viral capsid partially or completely degraded and viral genome is exposed  

• Step 4: Replication  

• Viral genome hijacks part of cell and uses it to replicate  

• Step 5: Assembly  

• Basic structure of virus particle formed; all components come together in cell  

• Step 6: Maturation  

• Virus particles mature to become infectious  

• Step 7: Release  

• Infectious cell breaks open, releases virus

canine parvovirus

highly contagious infectious GI tract illness, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus

canine parvovirus susceptibility

young, unnvaccinated, stress on immune system, certain breeds more susceptible

canine parvovirus transmission

Oral or nasal contact with contaminated feces and fomites

parvo targets where

SI epithelium

parvo clinical signs

lethargy, fever, anorexia, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea (vom + dia happen 24-48 hours post infection)

parvo physical exam findings

depression, dehydration, fever, fluid filled intestinal loops, abdominal pain

parvo severe infections

collapse, prolonged capillary refill time, poor pulse quality, tachycardia, hypothermia (signs of sepsis)

parvo diagnosis

decrease in WBC, ELISA test, fecal parvoviral antigen test, PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation

parvo treatment

isolate, often intensive hospitalization, IV fluids, control nausea with meds, feeding tubes if necessary, antibiotics

new treatment for parvo

monoclonal antibody treatment

monoclonal antibody treatment def

these antibodies bind with the virus before the host cell can; limits replication

parvo prognosis outpatient

subcutaneous fluids TD; anti- nausea medication (cerenia), antibodies, fecal microbiota transplant

parvo control

strict isolation procedures, PPE, vaccinate dogs at 6-8 weeks, 10-12 weeks, 14-16 weeks, 1 year booster then every 3 years

canine distemper virus

systemic; it infects multiple different areas

canine distemper virus gen info

fragile, enveloped, single strand RNA virus

paramyxovirus

around areas of mucus; respiratory virus

distemper susceptibility

domestic dogs, wild canids, foxes, wolves, ferrets, minks, skunks, badgers, otters, raccoons, red panda, bear, asian elephants, japanese monkeys, large cats

domestic dogs are “natural reservoirs” for distemper, which means..

they provide a source for the virus

distemper transmission

aerosol droplet secretions, can shed virus for months

distemper clinical signs

transient fever 3-6 days after infection, nasal and ocular discharge, lethargy anorexia, GI and respiratory signs, reproductive issues, enamel hypoplasia, encephalomyelitis, hard pad disease

distemper physical exam findings

nasal/ ocular discharge, fever, lethargy, anorexia, respiratory issues, GI signs, neurological issues

distemper diagnosis

clinical signs, PCR testing, antibody testing, post mortem testing through tissues

distemper treatment

no cure, antibiotics, IV fluids, treatment for fever, pain, and seizures

distemper prevention/control

vaccinate at 6-8 weeks, 3-4 wek intervals until 16 weeks of age; repeat at 1 year, then every 3 years after; PPE, isolation

canine infectious hepatitis

canine adenovirus type 1

canine adenovirus type 1 susceptibility

canines, foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, lynx, some pinnipeds (sea lions and seals)

canine adenovirus transmission

fomite, direct contact, ingestion of urine, feces or saliva of infected dogs

adenovirus incubation period

4-9 days

canine adenovirus hyperacute clinical signs

puppies under 3 weeks of age, sudden abdominal pain then sudden death

adenovirus acute clinical signs

lethargy, fever, tonsilitis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, liver becomes enlarged, jaundice, mucus membranes pale

adenovirus mild clinical signs

slight fever, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes

adenovirus other random clinical signs

corneal edema (blue eye), seizures

adenovirus physical exam findings

fever, swollen lymph nodes, clear discharge, abdominal pain, hunched appearance, vomiting, diarrhea, sensitivity to light

adenovirus diagnosis

ELISA antigen, serology antibody, PCR, sampling of liver tissue or lymph nodes, postmortem examination of liver

adenovirus treatment

no specific care, special diet for liver, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, isolation

adenovirus control/prevention

vaccinate; wait after 9-12 weeks for maternal antibodies to go away, debate between yearly or 3 year revacc

why use adenovirus type 2 vaccine?

it can cause kennel cough, so it can get rid of two diseases

canine parainfluenza virus

enveloped RNA virus, paramyxovirus

parainfluenza virus susceptibility

dogs, wildlife possible but no research

parainfluenza transmission

airborne; shedding starts 2-10 days post exposure; no other research