Study Skills Strategies (MODEL)

Learning tactics

• a specific technique that a learner use to accomplish an immediate learning object

• Examples: rehearsal, mnemonic devices, concept mapping, note-taking

Learning strategies

• a general plan that a learner formulates for achieving a somewhat distant academic goal

General Methods of Studying

Examples: KWL (know, what, learn); KWHL (know, what, how, learn); SQ3R (survey, question, read, recite, review); SQ4R (survey, question, read, recite, review, reflect)

Learning styles

refers to the idea that there is a style or modality in which a learner best processes and/or retains information. Myth

Study skill strategies/self-regulated learning

rehearsal, mnemonic devices, concept mapping, note-taking

Rehearsal

process of repeating information continuously or learning through memorization. For example, a student could rehearse the important points of a speech he will give in tomorrow's class so that he will not have to rely heavily on notes

Mnemonic devices

Acronym, Acrostic, Method of Loci, Pegword Mnemonic, Keyword Strategy (Wk5Cl8, pg. 15-18)

Concept mapping

Technique for identifying and visually representing on paper the ideas that comprise a section of text and the ways in which they relate to one another

Note taking

Results in better retention and comprehension than just listening or reading; the process of reviewing notes also gives more chances to recall and comprehend the material

Elaboration

Going beyond the information presented in order to add personal meaning and connect new information with knowledge previously stored in LTM (e.g., linking specific, meaningful examples with general principles or terms taught in class). Elaboration also can involve using summaries, taking notes, and asking/answering questions as in SQ3R and similar

study methods.

Visual Imagery

using visual imagery, you can mentally represent information or ideas for later recall. For example, remembering where a specific fact is written in your notes by “seeing” the page in your minds-eye; picturing a scene in a novel you are reading in order to better remember the story line.

What is not a learning style?

differentiated instruction, individualization, or learning strategies

Metacognition

knowledge about the operations of cognition and how to use them to achieve a learning goal

Metacognitive knowledge

What we know about how we think (i.e., attention, recognition, encoding, storage, and retrieval)

Metacognitive skills

How those operations are used to achieve a learning goal

Declarative knowledge

What we know about how person variables, task variables, and strategy variables affect learning

Conditional knowledge

What we know about when and why we use certain cognitive processes in certain circumstances

Procedural knowledge

What we know about how to use various cognitive processes

KWL

Know, What, Learn

KWHL

Know, What, How, Learn

SQ3R

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

SQ4R

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review, Reflect

Acronym

Creating a word that contains the first letter of each word to be remembered from a list (e.g., HOMES - The Great Lakes)

Acrostic

Using the first letter in each of a list of words to be learned to create a sentence (e.g., "King Peter Came Over From Green Street" - Zoology taxonomy)

Method of Loci

Using visual memory to link familiar locations with the information you are trying to remember.

Pegword Mnemonic

Using short, rhyming words for numbers that often include "1 is a bun," "2 is a shoe," "3 is a tree." Tie the pegword to the list you are trying to remember in that order

Keyword Strategy

Take a keyword that sounds like and can be visualized as interacting with the item to be remembered (e.g., the Spanish word for letter is carta, so you could picture a grocery cart holding a letter).