psychpharmocology test 1

what is psychopharmocology?

study of how drugs affect mood,perception, thinking, or behavior

psychoactive drugs

drugs that affect mood, perception, thinking \, or behavior by acting in the nervous system

alternate name for psychpharmocology?

behavioral pharmocology

what is the definition of a drug?

an administered substance that alters physiological functioning

problems with the definiton of a drug?

The term administered indicates a person is given a substance, which excludes substances made from the body( like dopeimine).

• substance also lacks a precise description

In general, how prevelant is psychoactive drug use?

high prevelent in society, caffine, alcohol, weed.

instrumental drug

using a drug to address a specific purpose

psychotropic drug

drug used to treat a psycholohical disorder

recreational drug

using a drug entirely to experince the drugs affects

drug misuse

recreationally using a drug that has accepted instrumental purposes

drugs brand name

a trademarked name if a company

drugs generic name

a nonpropriety name that indicates the classification for a drug and distinguishes it from others in the same class

drugs chemical name

a name that details a drugs chemical structure

drug street names

alternative name applied for recreational use

dose of a drug

ratio of the amount of drug per organisms body weight

dose-effect curve

depicts the maginitude of a drug effect by dose

ED50 value

value that represents the dose at which 50 percent of an effect was observed

TD 50 value

toxic dose, where 50 percent of subjects had a particular toxic effect

potency

amount of drug used to produce a certian level of effect

theraputic index

Ratio of a drugs toxic dose-effect curve value relative to theraputic dose-effect curve value

certian safety index

a therapeutic index calculated by dividing TD1 by ED 99

additive drug effects

The magnitude of the combined drug effect is the sum of each drugs effect alone

synergistic drug effects

the magnitude of the combined drug effect is beyond the sum of each drugs effect alone

what determines whether a drug is a theraputic drug or a recreational drug?

the manner of usage. indivduals use theraputic drugs instrumentally towards treating a disorder, whereas individuals take recreational entirely to experince the drugs effect

what is the safest approach for calculating a theraputic index

a certain safety index provides the safestapproach for calculating a theraputic effect by dividing TD1 by ED99

pharmacodynamics

Study of drug action

The mechanism of action for different drugs

Physiological actions of drugs

Concerns receptors and drug interactions with said receptors

What a drug does to the body

pharmacokinetics

how drugs enter the body, move through the body and exit the body(journey of drugs)

Kinetic (movement)

What does the body do to the drugs

pharmacogenetics

Studies of how genetic differences vary drugs effects

Concerns individuals differences with how different people respond to different drugs

Predict how an individual would respond to a certain drug

Can we use someone's genetic makeup to predict how they are going to respond to the drug

Most benefits and least side effects

objective effects

can be oberved by others

subjective effects

cannot be directly observed by others

dependent variable

a study variable measured by a researcher

independent variable

study conditions or treatments that may effect a dependent variable

experimental study

study in which investigators alter an independent variable to determine wheter changes occur to a dependent variable

single blind procedure

when researches do not inform study participants which treatment or placebo they recieved

double blind procedure

nether participants or investigators know the treatment or placebo

open label studies

assignment of study treatments wuthout using blinded procedures. apply to situations in which disguising study medications may have serious ethical consequences or be impractical

correlational studies

study in which investigators does not alter the independent variable but associates changes with the dependent vraiable

• conditions are not altered

internal validity

adequacy of controlling variables that may influence a dependent variable

external validity

ability to extend findings beyond study conditions

face validity

test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure

construct validity

how well a studys finding relate to ‘the underlying theory of a studys objectives

predicitive valdiity

ability of model to predict treatment effects

the 3 R’s

a review process for amimal research that considers “replacment”(can animals be replaced with something else), “reduction”(Minimal number of animals neccesary”, and “refinement(minimize pain)

ethical costs

assesment thats weighs the value of potential research discoveries against the potential pain and distress experinced by research subjects

why are animal models valuable

although animals models present important experimental validity challenges, animal models remain the only feasible models because they are effective and provide ways to evalute drugs under controlled enviroments

major distinction between human and animal research

humans can provide informed consent whereas animals cannot

clinical trial

a government approved theraputic drug expirement in humans drug development ; a multistep process an effective,safe, and profitable drug.

high throughput screening

rapid testing process involving a large number of experimental drugs

what most likely happens after the first time drugs are initally screened

usually chemists take data from the first screened batch and make further chemical compounds. until the best drug is made

why might an effective and safe drug be removed from clinical trials

if they fail to be more effective than drugs that are already on the market. no profit to be made

Liberation

process of drug molecules seperateung from the pill or soloution in which they were delivered

intravenous injection

injection into the vein

distribution

the passage of a drug from the bloodstream to sites in the body

bioavailibility

ability of a drug to reach a site of action

Blood brain barrier

barrier that surrounds the blood capillaries and vessels in the brain and prevents substances in the blood from entering the brain

passive diffusion through BBB

blood-brain barrier penetration by lipid-soluable , uncharged, small atoms

Active transport through BBB

mechanisms consisting of channels or other types of protiens that transport chemicals through endothelial cell membranes

what are the 4 primary phases of pharmakinetics

absorbtion, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination

The administartion route is important for which phase of pharmakinetics

absorption

nonspecific binding

binding of a drug to sites that are not the intended target for a drugs effect

depot binding

form of nonspecific binding which is the binding of drugs to receptors or other parts of the body that it does not effect

biotransformation(Metabolism)

proccess of converting a drug into one or more metabolites

motabolite

product resulting from enzyme transformation of a drug

Phase 1 biotransformation

normally involves p450 enzymes and produces a water-souluble metabolite

phase 2 biotransformation

occurs theough conjugation of a drugs metabolites, making them resistant to passive diffusion

first pass metabolism

drug metaboolism that occurs prior to circulation to the body

active metabolite

a drugs metabolite that has physiological effects

prodrug

a physiologically weak or inactive compound metabolized in the body to produce an active drug

elimation

process of how a drug leaves the body

elimination rate

amount of drug eliminated from the body over time

half life

amount of time neccesary for the body to eliminate half of a drug

first order kinetics

the elimination of drugs in half-lives

zero order kinetics

elimination of the drug in non half-lives

steady state

a sustained concentration level of a drug in the body

what type of enzymes metabolize most drugs

p450 enzymes

why is steady state imprtant

sustained drugs effects are neccesary to cure an illness

binding affinity

drugs strength of binding to a receptor

receptor efficacy

drugs ability to alter the activity of a receptor

refractory period

period following an action potential when the neuron resists producing another action potential

propagation of action potentials

refers to a series of action potentials occuring in succession down an axon

firing rate

the number of action potentials occuring per unit of time, usually in milliseconds

nodes of raniver

uncovered sections of axons between nyelin sheaths

nuerotransmitters

signalling chemiclas that are synthesized within nuerons, are released from neurons, and have effects on neurons or other cells

synaptic vesicles

a vesicle that stores and protects neurotransmitters

vesicular transporters

channel located on a vesicle that allows passage of neurotransmitters

exoxytosis

fusing of synaptic vesicles to the axon membrane and release of stored neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

catabolism

process involving the enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitter to a metabolite

turnover

the conversion of a neurotransmitter to a metabolite

reuptake

return of neurotransmitters to the axon terminal via membrans transporters

ligand

a molecule that binds to a protien

receptor

protien located in a neuron membrane that can be bound to and activated by a neurotransmitter

autoreceptor

presynaptic receptor that is activated by neurotransmitters released from the same axon terminal

heteroceptor

presynaptic receptor that is actived by neurotransmitter different from those released from the axon terminal

ionotropic receptor

ion channel that opens when a matching neurotransmitter binds ro a site on the channel

metabotropic receptor

receptor physically seperated from parts of the neuron where the recpetor exerts its effects

G protien

a three subunit protien that carries out effects of a metabotropic receptor

effector enzymes

enzyme that produces second messenger proteins

second messenger

intracellurlar signalling molecule produced following the activation of another protein by extracellulae molecule, such as a neurotransmitter

protien kinase

enzyme that causes phosphorylation of a substrate protein

substrate protien

protien, following activation of a protein kinase, that may consist of an ion channel, enzyme, neurotransmitter receptor, or other protiens involved in neuronal proccesses